Comparing the Court’s First Two Eras
Marshall Court
1801-1835
Taney Court
1836-1863
Judicial Power
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Luther v. Borden
(1849)
Legislative
Power
McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819)
Dred Scott v.
Sandford (1857)
Commerce
Clause
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Cooley v. Board of
Wardens (1852)
Contract
Clause
Fletcher v. Peck (1810) &
Trustees of Dartmouth
College v. Woodward (1819)
Charles River Bridge
v. Warren Bridge
(1837)
The Civil War Amendments
Constitutional Watershed in American
Federalism
13th Amendment [1865]
• Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United
States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.
• Section 2. Congress shall have power to
enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
14th Amendment, ¶§ 1 [1868]
• All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and
of the State wherein they reside. No state
shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any
State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws.
15th Amendment [1870]
• Section 1. The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of
race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.
• Section 2. The Congress shall have
power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
14th Amendment, ¶§ 1 [1868]
• All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and
of the State wherein they reside. No state
shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any
State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws.
Court Deference to Business Interests
1865-1900
LOW
HIGH
Slaughter House Cases
(1873)
Munn v. Illinois (1877)
Stone v. Mississippi
(1880)
Santa Clara County v.
Southern Pacific
Railroad (1886)
Mugler v. Kansas (1887)
U.S. v. E.C. Knight
(1895)
Allgeyer v. Louisiana
(1897)
Foreign Policy Powers: Art. I, §8
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[1] The Congress shall have Power To . . . provide for the common Defense
[3] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations
[4] To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization
[5] To . . . regulate the Value . . . of foreign Coin
•
[10] To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas,
and Offences against the Law of Nations
[11] To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules
concerning Captures on Land and Water
[12] To raise and support Armies
[13] To provide and maintain a Navy
[14] To make rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval
Forces
[15] To provide for calling forth the Militia to . . . repel Invasions
[16] To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for
governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United
States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers,
and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by
Congress
•
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[18] To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into
Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in
the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Foreign Policy Powers: Art. I, §10
• [1] No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
Confederation [or] grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal.
• [2] No State shall without the Consent of the Congress, lay any
Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be
absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws: and the
net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on
Imports and Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the
United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the
Revision and Control of Congress.
• [3] No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any
duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of
Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact . . . with a foreign
Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such
imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
Foreign Policy Powers: Art. II
• Section 2. The President shall be commander in
chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and
of the militia of the several states, when called into
the actual service of the United States. . . .
• He shall have power, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided
two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he
shall nominate, and by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors. .
..
• Section 3. He . . . shall receive ambassadors and
other public ministers . . . and shall commission all
the officers of the United States.