File
Molecules to
Metabolism II
In the previous Powerpoint we looked at
◦ The elements in living organisms
◦ The importance of carbon
◦ The major molecules of life
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Review
Uses : Hereditary material (DNA, RNA)
◦ High Energy Source (ATP)
◦ Cellular Messenger (cAMP)
◦ Co-enzyme involved in production of ATP
(NADH)
◦ Structure: Made up of nucleotides (monomer)
Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base (purine or pyrimidine)
Nucleic Acids
A single nucleotide looks like this
Structure of a Nucleotide
Two long strands of nucleotides then combine together to form something that looks like a twisting ladder
(called a double helix)
DNA Structure
There are 4 different bases
1. Adenine 2. Thymine
3. Guanine 4. Cytosine
DNA Structure
Adenine only joins with Thymine
Cytosine only joins with Guanine
DNA Structure
The only thing that makes a living organism’s DNA unique is the sequence of bases in the chain
DNA Structure
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
There are two types of metabolic reactions:
Anabolic &
Catabolic
What is Metabolism?
Anabolic reactions build large molecules from smaller ones
This usually requires (uses) energy
Example: Photosynthesis
◦ CO
2
+ H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2
◦ Source of Energy: Sunlight!
Anabolic Reactions
Anabolic reactions often use a process called
condensation or dehydration synthesis to link small molecules together
This process takes H from one molecule and OH from the other forming a molecule of water
Condensation/Dehydration
Synthesis
Catabolic reactions break large molecules down into smaller ones
They usually release energy
Example: Cellular Respiration
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2
H
2
O + CO
2
◦ Energy released is used to make ATP!
Catabolic Reactions
Catabolic reactions use a process called
hydrolysis to split large molecules into small ones
H
2
O is used to “cut” the large molecule
It is the exact opposite of condensation
Hydrolysis
1.
2.
◦
◦
◦
What are the four most abundant elements in our bodies?
List the elements that make up
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
◦ Nucleic acids
3.
Draw a structural formula for Glucose
4.
Draw a structural formula for an amino acid
5.
Draw a structural formula for an adenine nucleotide
6.
Draw a structural formula for an 8 carbon saturated fatty acid
7.
Draw a structural formula for a 6 carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid
8.
Show how condensation links two amino acids together
9.
Show how hydrolysis can split lactose into glucose and galactose
Questions
Be sure to read page 63 in your textbook about the synthesis of urea
Falsification is a term used to describe the process of disproving an accepted theory
What theory was falsified when Friedrich
Wohler synthesized urea in a lab?
