Huntsville City Schools
Instructional Guide
Course: Human Anatomy & Physiology
Grade: 10-12
Standard
“I Can” Statements
1. Use appropriate
 Compare locations of body structures for a body in anatomical
anatomical terminology.
position using positional and directional terms, such as lateral, dorsal,
Examples: proximal,
ventral, deep, distal, superficial, & prone. See Table 1.1 for complete
superficial, medial,
list.
supine, superior,
 Locate specific surface regions on the body in the anatomical
inferior, anterior,
position, such as frontal, mammary (pectoral), abdominal, caudal,
posterior
patellar, carpal, metacarpal, femoral, mental, gluteal, and lumbar. See
Figure 1.7 for complete list.
Resources † ‡
-
-
2. Identify anatomical  Determine sagittal, frontal (coronal), or transverse body plane as used body planes, body
to create a section or view of body structures.
cavities, and
 Locate and identify the organs found in the dorsal and ventral
abdominopelvic regions
cavities, including the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic subregions of
of the human body.
the latter.
 Locate and identify the major organs found in each of
o the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants (Upper left, upper right, lower
left, lower right), and in
o the 9 abdominopelvic regions (Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric,
Left Hypochondriac, Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar,
Right iliac, Hypogastric, & Left Iliac)
Lab Safety
Lab Equipment
Marieb, Chapter 1
Table 1.1
Figure 1.7
Word Roots, Prefixes,
Suffixes & Combining
Forms - inside Marieb back
cover.
‘Drag & drop’ regional
terms practice:
http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewO
bject.aspx?ID=AP15405
Marieb, Chapter 1
Fig. 1.8, 1.9, 1.11, & 1.12
Body Cavities activity:
https://www.wisconline.com/learn/naturalscience/lifescience/ap15505/theorganization-of-the-humanbody--body-cavities
Pacing
Recommendati
on / Date(s)
Taught *
5 days
5 days
3. Classify major types
of cells, including
squamous, cuboidal,
columnar, simple, and
stratified.
 Classify major types of the body cells by describing key differences
among cells, such as red blood cells, neurons, fat cells, muscle cells,
sperm, and epithelial cells and identify how these differences relate to
their functions.
 Classify epithelial tissue cells based on shape and organization,
including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, simple, stratified &
transitional epithelium.
- Marieb Chapter 4
- Fig. 4.2 & 4.3
- Diffusion demonstrations
lab such as egg in vinegar
- Classification of epithelial
tissues
4 days
4. Classify tissues as
connective, muscular,
nervous, or epithelial.
 Compare and contrast the structural and functional characteristics of
the four major tissue types:
o Connective- Bone, Blood, Cartilage, Dense (Tendons/Ligaments),
Loose (Areolar, Adipose, Reticular)
o Muscular (Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth)
o Nervous
o Epithelial (See COS 3 above; include transitional)
 Identify locations in the body for each tissue type.
 Identify the structures of the skin on a diagram (e.g. epidermis,
dermis, hair, hair follicle, sebaceous & sweat glands, capillary, nerve,
adipose tissue, Arrector pili muscle) and associate each with its
function.
 Describe how the skin and its structures aid temperature control and
excretion.
 Describe how the skin and its structures protect against mechanical,
chemical, radiation, pathogenic, and thermal damage, as well as water
loss.
 Describe the structure and function of the layers and tissues of the
skin, including the epidermis, with its sublayers, and the dermis.
 Name the layers of the epidermis, and describe the characteristics of
each.
 Describe the distribution and function of the epidermal accessory
organs: hair, oil and sweat glands, and nails.
 Compare the locations and the secretions of the sweat (sudoriferous)
glands (eccrine and apocrine) and sebaceous glands.
 Compare the symptoms and effects of integumentary system
disorders such as burns (First, second and third degree), skin cancers,
psoriasis, decubitus ulcer, and acne.
- Marieb Chapter 4
- Fig. 4.1 Tissue types
overview
- Table 4.1
- Fig. 4.8
- Microscopy slides
5 days
- Marieb Chapter 5
- Figures 5.1 and 5.2
- Guest speaker:
Dermatologist
- American Cancer
Association
- Sun Safety Quiz:
http://www.cancer.org/hea
lthy/toolsandcalculators/qu
izzes/sun-safety/index
6 days
5. Identify anatomical
structures and
functions of the
integumentary system.
5.1 Identifying
accessory organs.
5.2 Recognizing
diseases and disorders
of the integumentary
system.
Examples: decubitus
ulcer, melanoma,
psoriasis
6.1 Identifying
- Marieb Chapter 6
 Describe the functions of the skeletal system: support, organ
functions of the skeletal
protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation
- Skeleton model
system.
(Hematopoiesis).
- Disarticulated skeleton
6.2 Identifying
 Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton and their bones as axial
subdivisions of the
(skull, vertebral column, ribs) or appendicular (pectoral girdle, arms,
skeleton as axial and
pelvic girdle, legs).
appendicular skeletons.  Classify sample bones as one of the four bone types (long, short, flat,
6.4 Identifying the four
irregular).
bone types.
The first benchmark will be given the week of Sept. 28. First 9 Weeks ends on Oct. 2.
6. Identify bones that  Identify the bones that compose the skeletal system on a model or
- Marieb Chapter 7, 8
compose the skeletal
diagram. (Cranium, mandible, hyoid, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum,
- Figures 7.1, 7.4, 7.16
system.
coccyx, ribs, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals,
- Skeleton model
6.3 Classifying types of
metacarpals, phalanges, pelvis (coxal bone), femur, patella, tibia,
- Disarticulated skeleton
joints according to their
fibula, tarsals (calcaneus, talus), metatarsals, phalanges)
- Online game: “Whack-Amovement.
 Compare the structural and functional features of the types of joints
Bone”:
6.5 Identifying various
based on their movement (articulation): immovable (synarthroses),
http://anatomyarcade.com
types of skeletal system
slightly moveable (amphiarthroses) and freely movable (diathroses).
/games/WAB/WAB.html
disorders
 Classify types of synovial joints (Plane, Pivot, Hinge, Condylar,
- Table 8.2
Examples: fractures,
Saddle, Ball-and-Socket) based on their movement (Uniaxial, Biaxial - Fig. 8.7
arthritis.
and Multiaxial).
 Compare symptoms and effects of skeletal system disorders such as
fractures (greenstick, simple, compound), arthritis, and osteoporosis.
7. Identify major
- Marieb Chapters 9 and 10
 Name and identify the major muscles of the body, such as deltoid,
muscles, including
- Fig. 8.5, 8.6
biceps brachii, triceps brachii, gastrocnemius, pectoralis major,
origins, insertions, and
trapezius, latimissus dorsi, quadriceps femoralis, buccinators, rectus - Table 9.3
actions.
abdominus, gluteus maximus, and state the origin, insertion, and
- Figures 10.1, 10.5 and 10.6
7.1 Describing
action of each. See Figures 10.5 and 10.6 for complete list.
- Dissection – chicken leg.
common types of body  Name and describe (or perform) the common body movements (Fig. - Microscope lab – cardiac,
movements, including
8.5 & 8.6, and Fig. 10.1).
smooth, skeletal muscle
flexion, extension,
 Compare the functions of prime movers, antagonists, synergists, and
tissue slides
abduction, and
fixators.
- Muscle movements:
adduction.
http://www.exrx.net/index
 Compare and contrast the three basic types of muscle tissue based on
7.2 Classifying muscles
.html
their microscopic anatomy such as, but not limited to myofibrils,
based on functions in
sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-tubules, contractile mechanism structures
the body, including
9 days
8 days
11 days
prime movers,
antagonists, synergists,
and fixators.
7.3 Comparing skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac
muscles based on their
microscopic anatomy.
7.4 Identifying diseases
and disorders of the
muscular system.
Examples: muscular
dystrophy, multiple
sclerosis, strain
8. Identify structures of
the nervous system.
8.1 Explaining
differences in the
function of the
peripheral nervous
system and the central
nervous system.
8.2 Labeling parts of
sensory organs,
including the eye, ear,
tongue, and skin
receptors.
8.3 Recognizing
diseases and disorders
of the nervous system
Examples: Parkinson’s
disease, meningitis.
(actin & myosin), motor units, striations and intercalated disks. See
Table 9.3.
 Identify and describe diseases and disorders of the muscular system,
such as myasthenia gravis, rigor mortis, disuse atrophy, muscular
dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, and strain.
- Game – Whack a Muscle:
http://www.anatomyarcade
.com/games/gamesMuscula
r.html
- LTF lab: Levers R Us
- 3D Body Maps:
http://www.healthline.com
/human-body-maps
 Differentiate between the functions of the central and peripheral
nervous systems, including the special sense organs, and the
autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
 Identify the important structural components of a neuron, and relate
each to a functional role in the peripheral and central nervous
systems, including axon, axon terminal, dendrites, cell body, and
myelin sheath (Schwann cells & Oligodendrocytes).
 Identify the structures of the Central Nervous System, such as but
not limited to, brain, meninges, spinal cord, ganglia, spinal cord
tracts, and cerebrospinal fluid.
 Identify the structures of the Peripheral Nervous System, such as but
not limited to, sensory receptors (mechanoreceptors,
thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nocireceptors),
ganglia, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral motor endings.
 Recognize the purpose of the Reflex Arc and its components
(Sensory neuron, Interneuron, Motor neuron).
 Relate the importance of the myelin sheath to impulse transmission,
and to disorders of the nervous system.
 Identify, name, and label the major parts of organs of the special
senses, the eye, ear (hearing and equilibrium), nose, and tongue.
 Identify and describe diseases and disorders of the nervous system
such as cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), Alzheimer’s disease,
- Marieb Chapters 11, 12, 13,
and 15.
- Eye and brain dissection
labs
- Sense of taste, smell,
equilibrium, hearing, and
sight labs
- Reactions vs. Reflexes lab
- Virtual lab:
http://www.indiana.edu/~
anat215/virtuallab/
- LTF lab: Popcorn and Dice
and Everything Nice
15 days
Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, meningitis, astigmatism,
myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, otitis media, deafness
The second benchmark will be cumulative and given the week of Dec. 7. Second 9 Weeks ends on Dec. 18.
9. Identify structures
- Marieb Chapters 17, 18, and
 Identify the functions of the cardiovascular system.
and functions of the
19
 Identify the structures of the heart and their functions, including
cardiovascular system.
- Blood typing lab
layers (Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium, Pericardium),
9.1 Tracing the flow of
- Heart dissection lab
chambers, valves, and vessels leading to and from the heart.
blood through the
- Blood pressure virtual lab:
 Trace the pathway of blood through the pulmonary and systemic
body.
(http://www.mhhe.com/bi
circuits, and through the structures of the heart (see above and Fig.
9.2 Identifying
osci/genbio/virtual_labs/B
18.1 & 18.9.
components of blood.  Differentiate among the major structures and functions of blood
L_08/BL_08.html)
9.3 Describing blood
- Blood cell identification
vessels, including vessel wall layers, arteries, veins (valves), and
cell formation.
virtual lab:
capillaries.
(http://www.purposegames
9.4 Distinguishing
 Recognize the major physical and electrical events of the cardiac
.com/game/white-bloodamong human blood
cycle (including systole and diastole, lub-dub), and the structures that
cell-identification-quiz)
groups.
produce them (AV-node, SA-node, AV bundle, bundle branches, and
LTF lab: A Fishy Tale
9.5 Describing
the subendocardial network or Purkinje fibers).
- LTF lab: It’s a Matter of the
common cardiovascular  Relate Electrocardiogram and blood pressure measurement to the
Heart
diseases and disorders.
cardiac cycle.
Examples: myocardial  Identify the components of whole blood, including cells, plasma, and - LTF lab: How Does Your
Heart Rate?
infarction, mitral valve
hemoglobin molecules, and their functions.
Fig. 17.5, 17.11 & 17.12,
prolapse, varicose
 Recognize major differences among erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
and Table 17.2).
veins, arteriosclerosis
platelets, in terms of their structure, roles, and formation
Fig. 17.16
(hematopoiesis, leukopoiesis, thrombopoieses).
 Describe and distinguish between the ABO and Rh blood groups
based on their antigens and on their reactions with anti-A, anti-B and
anti-Rh Antibodies, as in blood typing.
 Identify and describe diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular
system such as myocardial infarction, mitral valve prolapse, varicose
veins, arteriosclerosis, murmurs, hypertension, and circulatory shock.
15. Identify
- Marieb Chapters 20 and 21.
 Identify the physiological effects and components of the immune
physiological effects
system, including lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue (tonsils, Peyer’s - Immunology virtual lab:
and components of the
patches appendix), lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs (spleen
(http://www.hhmi.org/bioi
immune system.
& thymus).
nteractive/immunology15.1 Contrasting active
virtual-lab)
and passive immunity.
17 days
6 days
15.2 Evaluating the
importance of vaccines.
15.3 Recognizing
disorders and diseases
of the immune system.
Examples: acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS),
acute lymphocytic
leukemia
11. Identify structures
and functions of the
respiratory system.
11.1 Tracing the
pathway of the oxygen
and carbon dioxide
exchange.
11.2 Recognizing
common disorders of
the respiratory system.
Examples: asthma,
bronchitis, cystic
fibrosis
 Compare and contrast active and passive immunity, including surface - Immunology resources:
http://immunelymphatic.w
barriers, internal innate defenses, antigens, immune cells, humoral
eebly.com/
immune response, and cellular immune response.
 Describe and evaluate the importance of vaccines, and recognize
examples.
 Identify and describe diseases and disorders of the immune system
such as autoimmune diseases, AIDS, and acute lymphocytic
leukemia.
 Locate and identify the organs of the respiratory passageway such as
the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and the
alveoli.
 Identify the function of the organs of the respiratory passageway.
 Locate and identify other associated structures of the respiratory tract
such as the diaphragm, the nasal and oral cavities, the pharyngeal,
palatine, and lingual tonsils, epiglottis, pulmonary pleura, and airblood barrier.
 Identify the function of each of the associated structures above.
 Follow the path of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange through the
respiratory tract.
 Identify the location of the breathing control centers in the brain as
the pons and medulla.
 Recognize how carbon dioxide and oxygen levels influence the
breathing rate.
 Recognize the homeostatic imbalances that commonly occur in the
respiratory system such as lung cancer, hypoxia, COPD, emphysema,
cystic fibrosis, CO poisoning, and asthma.
14. Identify the
 Recognize that hormones interact with specific Target tissues or
endocrine glands and
organs.
their functions.
 Differentiate between mechanisms of how steroid-based and water14.1 Describing effects
based hormones affect the target cells.
of hormones produced  Explain the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands.
by the endocrine
glands.
-
Marieb Chapter 22
Figure 22.1
Table 22.1
Figures 22.8 & 22.9
Figure 22.13
Figure 22.23
Lab on dissection of the
sheep lungs, trachea,
bronchi and bronchioles
- Lab on factors affecting
breathing rate
- LTF lab: A Liter a Lung
6 days
- Marieb Chapter 16
- Endocrine Topics
http://www.interactivephys
iology.com/login/endodem
o/systems/systems/endocri
ne/
6 days
14.2 Identifying
 Locate the major endocrine glands and tissues on a diagram such as
common disorders of
the pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid,
the endocrine system.
thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.
Examples: diabetes,
 Associate each major endocrine gland with its main hormones and
goiter, hyperthyroidism
purpose(s).
 Recognize the hormones produced by endocrine glands and their
primary effects on their target organs (e.g. melatonin, oxytocin,
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormone, prolactin, folliclestimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating
hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroxine, calcitonin,
parathyroid hormone, epinephrine and norepinephrine,
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, insulin, glucagon, androgens,
estrogens and progesterone.
 Recognize the effects of hypersecretions or hyposecretions of
hormones that lead to homeostatic imbalances and disorders such as
Addison’s disease, cretinism, diabetes, and Grave’s disease.
The third benchmark will be given the week of February 29. Third 9 Weeks ends on March 4.
10. Identify structures  Locate and describe the structure and function of the organs of the - Marieb Chapter 23
and functions of the
digestive tract (alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract) such as the - Figures 23.1, 23.2, 23.7,
digestive system.
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines,
23.10, & 23.32
10.1 Tracing the
rectum, and anus.
- Table 23.5, 24.1 & 24.2
pathway of digestion
- Lab on microscopic
 Locate and describe the structure and function of the associated
from the mouth to the
structures in the digestive system such as the salivary glands, tongue,
specimen of the villi and
anus using diagrams.
teeth, mesentery, epiglottis, pyloric sphincter, the duodenum,
microvilli and other tissues
10.2 Identifying
jejunum, and ileum, the pancreas, gall bladder, liver, the microvilli
of the digestive tract.
disorders affecting the
and villi, the cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, and - Lab on the digestive
digestive system.
descending colon.
enzymes’ breakdown of
Examples: ulcers,
macromolecules into
 Describe the mechanical and chemical digestive processes that occur
Crohn’s disease,
micromolecules
as food passes through the gastrointestinal tract and becomes fecal
diverticulitis
- LTF lab: Chew on This
matter, including the formation of bolus and chyme, propulsion
(peristalsis and mass movement).
- LTF lab: Antacid Analysis
 Recognize major digestive enzymes and their roles in breaking down
food into organic molecules small enough to pass through the
microvilli into the blood (e.g. amylase-starch, pepsin-protein…)
11 days
 Explain some of the common homeostatic imbalances of the
digestive system such as gallstones, cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis,
and peptic ulcers.
13. Identify structures  Locate and identify the general structure and function of the kidneys
and functions of the
(retroperitoneal), ureter, bladder and urethra.
urinary system.
 Describe the function of the kidneys in filtering and excreting
13.1 Tracing the
nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and maintaining blood
filtration of blood from
volume and pH.
the kidneys to the
 Identify the nephron as the structural and functional unit of the
urethra.
kidney.
13.2 Recognizing
 Sequence the steps in the process of urine formation and identify the
diseases and disorders
areas of the nephron responsible for filtration (Bowman’s capsule),
of the urinary system
reabsorption (Proximal tubule) and secretion ( Distal tubule).
Examples: kidney
 Describe the main steps and muscles involved in micturition.
stones, urinary tract
 Recognize that urinary system function is influenced by hormonal
infections.
controls of blood fluid reabsorption by ADH and aldosterone.
 Describe the homeostatic imbalances that commonly occur in the
excretory system such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, renal
failure and Addison’s disease.
12. Identify structures  Locate on a diagram and identify the function of the male
and functions of the
reproductive organs and structures such as the testes, scrotum,
reproductive system.
seminiferous tubules, bulbourethral glands, epididymis, vas deferens,
12.1 Differentiating
seminal vesicle, urinary bladder, prostate gland, penis, and urethra.
between male and
 Recognize the process of spermatogenesis and the structure and
female reproductive
chromosome number of sperm (spermatogonia? Chromosome
systems.
number?
12.2 Recognizing stages  Locate on a diagram and identify the function of the female
of pregnancy and fetal
reproductive organs and associated structures such as the ovaries,
development.
ovarian follicles, corpus luteum, fallopian tubes, fimbriae, uterus,
12.3 Identifying
cervix, endometrium, vagina, hymen, vulva, mons pubis, labia majora
disorders of the
and minora, clitoris, and perineum.
reproductive system.
 Recognize the process of oogenesis, the ovarian cycle, the formation
Examples:
of an ovum, and the process of ovulation.
endometriosis, sexually
transmitted diseases,
prostate cancer
- Marieb Chapter 25
- Figures 25.1, 25.2, 25.5,
25.9, 26.6 & 26.8
- Table 25.1
- Lab on dissection of the
sheep or pig kidneys.
- LTF lab: Urinalysis
7 days
- Marieb Chapters 27 and 28
- Figures 23.1, 23.2, 23.7,
23.10, & 23.32
- Table 23.5, 24.1 & 24.2
- Lab on dissection of pig
ovaries, uterus, and testicles.
11 days
 Recognize the hormonal controls (roles of FHS and LH) and the
major events of the menstrual cycle including changes that occur in
the ovaries and the endometrium.
 Identify the major physical changes that occur during puberty and
menopause.
 Explain the process of fertilization.
 Recognize the stages of embryonic and fetal development from
cleavage to embryo, to fetus, and completion of the process of
gestation.
 Recognize the major events that occur during childbirth as Labor
(cervical dilation), delivery (fetal expulsion), delivery of the placenta.
 Identify important hormones associated involved in the process
(oxytocin, relaxin, endorphins, and adrenaline)
 Recognize some homeostatic imbalances of the reproductive system
such as chromosomal and genetic disorders (XO females, YO males,
Turner’s and Klinefelter’s Syndromes), and acquired disorders
(vaginal infections, birth defects, endometriosis, breast and cervical
cancer, Gonorrhea, syphilis, and AIDS).
Cumulative Review and
Testing
10 days
- Cat/fetal pig dissection
- Special projects
The fourth benchmark will be cumulative for the year.
It will be given the week of May 9 for Seniors, and the week of May 16 for all others. The Fourth 9 Weeks ends on May 26.
† These are just some resources that can be used. Teachers may use resources of their own choice.
‡ Textbook references in this pacing guide refer to the adopted Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook, Marieb & Hoehn Human Anatomy and
Physiology, 9th edition, and associated supplemental materials. Supplemental materials include: eText, Lab Manual eText, Dynamic Study Modules, Study
Area (with diagnostic and practice tests, games, tutorial videos and MP3 files, tec.), Interactive Physiology activities, and Human Body Atlas. These
resources should be used, but are not specified in the pacing guide.
* The HAP pacing committee has added Plus/Minus 1 Day for each COS standard to allow for individual adjustment, unit tests, or special projects for
a total of 160 instructional days. Teachers are encouraged to include enrichment topics of Human A&P not covered in the COS as time and interest
permits.
The questions on the Benchmark tests should reflect the relative time spent on each unit or topic. Each test will have around 35 questions each.
IMPORTANT TOPICS: The following topics have been considered important to a course in