BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
Ch. 1.1
True
False
Statement
There are 3 branches of physical science
Science & technology are interdependent
Chemistry is the study of matter and energy,
while physics is the study of the composition of
matter
Goal of science is to expand knowledge
Goal of technology is to apply knowledge
True
False
Science


A system of knowledge that apply methods to find
new knowledge
Begin with curiosity, end in discovery!

Qualitative= descriptive
Quantitative= numerical

Goal= expand knowledge

Technology


The use of knowledge to solve practical problems
Goal= apply knowledge gained from science
Science
Technology
Interdependent: advances in one lead
to advances in the other
Natural Science

3 main branches
 Physical
 Earth
 Life
Science
& Space Science
Science
Physical Science
Chemistry

Study of the
composition, structure,
properties and
reactions of matter
Physics

Study of matter,
energy and the
interactions between
the 2 through forces
and motion
Earth and Space Science
Geology

Study of the origin,
history and structure of
earth
Astronomy

Study of the universe,
beyond earth
Life Science (biology)
The study of living things
Botany
Zoology
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
Ch. 1.2
True
False
Statement
The scientific method, is a way of gathering
information to solve a problem
There are 8 steps to the scientific method
There are 2 types of variables: manipulated
and responding or independent and
dependent
Dependent variables are changed, while
independent stay the same
Models must be continually changed
True
False
Scientific Method



Organized plan
Gathering, organizing,
and communicating
info
Goal= solve problems,
or understand an
event
Steps

1. State the Problem
 Question
format
 Based on observations
 Ex:

2. Research the Problem
 Gather
information
 Journals, articles, interviews
 Ex:

3. Form a Hypothesis
 Probable
solution to the problem
 Educated guess as to what will solve the problem
 If-Then format
 Ex:
4. Conduct an Experiment

Independent Variable
(manipulated)
 “I”

 Group
or object that
does not change
 No IV added
 Ex:
Change on purpose
 Ex:

Dependent Variable
(responding)
 Changed
changed
 Ex:
due to what you
Control

Constant
 Condition
the same
that remains


5. Record/analyze
data
 Results in tables
6. Conclusion
 What does the data
mean?
 Was hypothesis
correct?
 Evidence
to support
hypothesis
 Evidence doesn’t
support hypothesis
 Revise and try again

7. Repeat experiment
 Must get same results
over and over to be
VALID
Law



vs
Theory
Repeatedly tested
Summarizes patterns in
nature
Doesn’t try to explain
patterns



Hypothesis repeatedly
supported
Well tested explanation
Never proved
 Become
stronger
 Can be revised or
replaced

Explains patterns
Models


Make it easy to
understand things that
are too difficult to
observe directly
Ex: Earths rotation

Mental Models
 Comets
are like giant
snowballs made of ice

Physical Models
 Maps,

New continually
replace old
drawings
MEASUREMENT
Ch. 1.3
True
False
Statement
Scientific Notation makes numbers more
precise
Significant figures allow you to know how
many decimal places you need to have
Scientists use SI units, which were developed in
France
Precision and accuracy are the same
The SI unit for temperature is K
True
False
Scientific Notation



Short hand way to
express very large or
small #’s
Speed of light =
300,000,000 m/s
Scientific Notation
3.0 x 108 m/s


#’s greater than 1 are
+
#’s less than 1 are -
Steps to Scientific Notation
Step 1:
 Count the amount of decimal places that must be
moved to make the original number between one
and ten.
Step 2:
 Write this amount as the exponent above the ten.
Make the exponent positive = move left and
negative= move right.
Examples

Convert 2,530,000
 Step
1) 2,530,000
 Step 2) We moved decimal places to the left, so we
know that the exponent above the ten will be positive
6.

Convert 0.0000000523
 Step
1) 0.0000000523
 Step 2)
Practice

1) 287

2) 840,000

3) 0.0000683

4) 603,400,000
<1 = negative, >1 = positive
Practice

1.) 5.89 x 10 5

2.) 3.45 x 10-3

3.) 7.0 x 105

4.) 1.23 x 10-6
- Move decimal left, + move decimal right
Scientific Notation


Multiplying
 Multiply #s
 Add the exponents
 3.0 x 108 x 5.0 x 102
= 1.5 x 1011
Dividing
 Divide #s
 Subtract exponents
 1.5 x 1011
= 5.0 x 102
3.0 x 108




(2.8 x 108) x (1.9 x
104)=
(4.9 x 1024) (1.6 x105)
=
(3.6 x104) x (6x 105)=
(1.44 x 1024) x (1.2x
1017)=
SI Units of Measurement



System International
d’Unites developed by
French
Metric System
Used by scientists
globally
Base Units

Length- straight line distance between 2 points
 Meter

Mass- quantity of matter in an object
 Kilogram

Volume- amount of space taken up by an object
 Cubic

meter, m3
Density- ratio of objects mass to volume
 Kg/
m3
King Henry Died Monday drinking
chocolate milk
Practice

Convert
125 kg= _______ g

0.146cm= _______Hm

39 s= ______Ds

Metric Prefixes

Indicates how many times a unit should be multiplies
or divided by 10
Conversion Factors


Ratio of equivalent
measurements used to
convert 1 quantity into
another
8848m=km?
1km
1000m
1000m
1km
8848 m x 1 km
1000m
= 8.848 km
Precision



Gauge of how exact a
measurement is
Limited by the least
precise measurement
used to calculate
Significant Figures!
Accuracy

Closeness of a
measurement to actual
value of what is being
measured
Accurate &
Precise
Precise not
accurate
Accurate not
Precise
Not Accurate
or Precise
Significant Figures Rules:





1) ALL non-zero numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are ALWAYS
significant.
2) ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are ALWAYS
significant.
3) ALL zeroes which are SIMULTANEOUSLY to the right of
the decimal point AND at the end of the number are
ALWAYS significant.
4) ALL zeroes which are to the left of a written decimal
point and are in a number >= 10 are ALWAYS significant.
A helpful way to check rules 3 and 4 is to write the
number in scientific notation. If you can/must get rid of the
zeroes, then they are NOT significant.




Use the least precise measurement
Mass=34.73g
Volume=4.42cm3
Density= 34.73
4.42cm3
= 7.85766g/cm3
Adding/Multiplying

The answer cannot
CONTAIN MORE
PLACES AFTER THE
DECIMAL POINT
THAN THE SMALLEST
NUMBER OF
DECIMAL PLACES in
the numbers being
added or subtracted.
23.987
+ 9.07
=
0.238
+ 23
=
Multiplying/Dividing

The answer cannot
CONTAIN MORE
SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES THAN THE
NUMBER BEING
MULTIPLIED OR
DIVIDED with the
LEAST NUMBER OF
SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES.
100 x 203 =
245 / 403 =
0.0029 x 2.098 =
2.020 / 192 =
Temperature




Thermometerinstrument that
measured how hot an
object is
Celsius
Fahrenheit
Kelvin

°C = 5/9 (°F – 32°)

99 °F = _____ °C

°F = 9/5 (°C) + 32°

20 °C = _____ °F

K = °C + 273

1923 K = _____ °C

45°C = _______ K
PRESENTING DATA
Ch. 1.4
True
False
Statement
Data must be displayed using tables and
graphs
In line graphs, the independent variable is
always X, while the dependent variable is Y
The same data can be shown in all types of
tables/graphs
Circle graphs must be arranged by %s
A graph can be directly proportional and
inversely proportional at the same time
True
False
Organizing Data



Scientists collect data, and organize it by graphs,
and tables
Communicate the data through journals and
conferences
Line, bar, and circle
Line Graph




Show changes related
to variables
Independent= X axis
Dependent= Y axis
Slope= rise/run
Y/X

Directly Proportional
 Ratio

is constant
Inversely Proportional
 Relationship
in which the
product of 2 variables is
constant
Bar Graphs

Simple-

 Width
of bars must be
the same

 Each
different
component needs a
distinguishing mark
Grouped Each
bar in a group
needs a distinguished
mark, with ledgend
Composite-

Histogram Represents
a range
independent variables,
rather than single
value
Histogram
Composite
Grouped
Simple
Circle/Pie Graph



Always = 100%
Key is needed
%= specific sample of data x 100
total data collected