Criminal
Investigation
eighth edition
NINETEEN
Recognition, Control, and Investigation of Drug
Abuse
Swanson • Chamelin • Territo
McGraw-Hill
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Identify and describe several opium-derived drugs
• List and describe synthetic narcotics
• Identify and distinguish among stimulants, depressants,
and hallucinogens
• Outline techniques used in investigating dangerous
drugs and narcotics
• Assess the motives, methods, and management of drug
informants
• Describe the process of identifying and conducting raids
on clandestine labs
• Explain the type of information necessary to establish
probable cause and obtain search warrants
• Be familiar with drug evidence handling and potential
security problems
McGraw-Hill
19-1
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
OPIUM-DERIVED DRUGS
• Opium
– One of the first drugs of abuse was opium
• Morphine
– Morphine is obtained from raw opium
• Heroin (Diacetylmorphine)
– Heroin was found to be considerably stronger than
morphine in 1890
McGraw-Hill
19-2(a)© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
OPIUM-DERIVED DRUGS (cont'd)
• Codeine
– The alkaloid codeine is found in raw opium in
concentrations from 0.7 to 2.3 percent. It was first
isolated in 1832 as an impurity in a batch of
morphine.
• Other Opium Derivatives
– Other opium derivatives abused and stolen from
pharmacies, hospitals, and physicians are Dilaudid,
Papaverine, and Pantopon.
McGraw-Hill
19-2(b)© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HEROIN FILLED LATEX BALLOONS
• Heroin is smuggled into
the U.S. in a variety of
ways
• Drug couriers often
swallow heroin filled
balloons before
boarding commercial
planes
• Most heroin is
smuggled into the U.S.
from Columbia
McGraw-Hill
19-3
(Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration)
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SYNTHETIC NARCOTICS
• Synthetic narcotics, though chemically related to
the opium alkaloids, are produced entirely within
the laboratory
• Meperidine (Pethidine)
– The commercial name for meperidine is Demerol, and
it was the first synthetic narcotic
• Methadone
– A heroin-dependent person can be treated with doses
of methadone as a replacement for heroin
McGraw-Hill
19-4
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
STIMULANTS
• Drugs falling into the stimulants group directly
stimulate the central nervous system
• Cocaine
– Cocaine is a naturally occurring stimulant that is
extracted from the leaves of the coca plant
(Erythroxylon coca)
• Amphetamines
– Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and
methamphetamine are closely related chemically
McGraw-Hill
19-5(a)© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
STIMULANTS (cont'd)
• Phenmetrazine (Preludin), Methylphenidate
(Ritalin), and Pemoline (Cylert)
– Phenmetrazine is related chemically to the
amphetamines, and its abuse produces similar effects
• Crystalized Methamphetamine
– Crystalized methamphetamine, better known as
crystal meth and speed during the 1960s and 1970s
• Methcathinone
– Methcathinone, called cat or goob, is a pyschomotor
stimulant with a chemical structure similar to
methamphetamine
McGraw-Hill
19-5(b)© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
POWDERED COCAINE
• Cocaine is a naturally occurring stimulant
• It is extracted from the leaves of coca plants
• The powder is often adultered at each level of
sale by drug dealers
(Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration)
McGraw-Hill
19-6
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COCAINE TRAFFICKING PATTERNS
• Drug dealing is an
international business
• Much of the illegal
cocaine arriving in the
U.S. is smuggled in from
countries in South
America
• The Drug Enforcement
Administration seeks
assistance from foreign
police officials in its war
on drugs
(Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice)
McGraw-Hill
19-7
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KILO PACKAGES OF COCAINE
• Cocaine may be smuggled into the U.S. in single
batches
• Lower-level drug dealers adulterate or “cut” the
cocaine before re-sale
• The cutting process increases the profits for the
dealers
(Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration)
McGraw-Hill
19-8
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DEPRESSANTS (SEDATIVES)
• Glutethimide (Doriden)
• Depressants of sedatives depress the central
nervous system and are prescribed in small
doses to reduce restlessness and emotional
tension and to induce sleep
– When introduced in 1954 glutethimide was wrongly
believed to be a nonaddictive barbiturate substitute
• Methaqualone
– Methaqualone was at one time very popular in the
United States but has since been removed from the
market
McGraw-Hill
19-9(a)© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
DEPRESSANTS (SEDATIVES) (cont'd)
• Meprobamate
– First synthesized in 1960 as a mild tranquilizer,
meprobamate is distributed in the nited States under
the generic brand name
• OxyContin
– Another powerful narcotic that is presently sold legally
is OxyContin
McGraw-Hill
19-9(b)© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HALLUCINOGENS
• The hallucinogenic drugs, natural or synthetic,
distort perception of objective reality.
• Phencyclidine (PCP)
– Phencyclidine, commonly called PCP, in
pharmaceutically pure form is a solid white powder
• Methylenedioxy Methamphetamine (MDMA)
– Commonly known as MDMA or “ecstasy,” is a bitter
white power
• Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD 25)
– LSD is a semisynthetic compound produced from
lysergic acid. An average does of 30 to 50
microgramsCabout the size of a pinpointCwill take the
user on a “trip” lasting 10 to 12 hours
McGraw-Hill
19-10(a)
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HALLUCINOGENS (cont'd)
• Mescaline (Peyote)
– The primary active ingredient of the peyote cactus is
the hallucinogen mescaline
• Psilocybin and Psilocyn
– Psilocybin and psilocyn are obtained from
mushrooms generally grown in Mexico
• Marijuana
– Marijuana is made by crushing or chopping the dried
leaves and flowers of the plant into small pieces
– The cleaned or manicured leaves are then rolled into
a cigarette and smoked
McGraw-Hill
19-10(b)
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HALLUCINOGENS (cont'd)
• Hashish
– Hashish is processed by drying to produce a drug
several times as potent as marijuana
• Hashish Oil
– Liquid hashish is produced by concentrating THC
• Ketamine
– Ketamine hydrochloride is a synthetic drug and is an
anesthetic agent that has legitimate uses
McGraw-Hill
19-10(c)© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
KETAMINE
• Ketamine is a synthetic drug
• It was developed as an anesthetic agent in the
1960s
• Today its use has been associated with all night
parties called “raves”
(Courtesy Sergeant Christopher McKissick and Detective Tyler Parks, Port Orange, Florida, Police Department)
McGraw-Hill
19-11 © 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES
• Most of the techniques used in investigating
dangerous-drug and narcotics cases are the
same as those used in investigating other cases;
however there are some unique procedures.
• The Purchase
– One important aspect is identification of the source. It
is desirable to make more than one direct purchase
from a seller, if possible.
• The Apprehension
– All arrests should be as unobtrusive as possible to
prevent them from becoming common knowledge on
the street
McGraw-Hill
19-12© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
DRUG INFORMANTS: MOTIVES, METHODS, AND
MANAGEMENT
• Informants: Motivations and Types
– Problem Informants. Some informants have
personalities that make them difficult, if not
impossible, to manage.
– Egotistical Informants. Investigators who provide
positive reinforcement motivate egotistical informants
to continue supplying information.
– Informants with the James Bond Syndrome. While
working as informants, they imagine themselves in a
police of spy drama.
McGraw-Hill
19-13(a)
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
DRUG INFORMANTS: MOTIVES, METHODS, AND
MANAGEMENT (cont'd)
– Wannabe Informants. They now seek to become
involved in law enforcement as informants.
– Perversely Motivated Informants. These informants
offer their services in order to identify undercover
agents.
– Restricted-Use Informants. By virtue of their criminal
background or other status, these pose special
management challenges.
McGraw-Hill
19-12(b)
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
OFFICER TALKING TO DRUG DEALER INFORMANT
• Informants in drug enforcement are unique
• Investigators must know what motivates them
• The informants must be carefully managed
© Bonnie Kamin
McGraw-Hill
19-13© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
DEPARTMENT POLICY REGARDING MANAGING
INFORMANTS
• Agencies should not leave the management of
drug informants exclusively to investigators
• Formulating a written policy ensures consistency
in the use and management of CIs and serves
as a guide for inexperienced investigators
– The Informant File. This file is used to document
every encounter
McGraw-Hill
19-14(a)
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
DEPARTMENT POLICY REGARDING MANAGING
INFORMANTS (cont'd)
• Phenmetrazine (Preludin), Methylphenidate
(Ritalin), and Pemoline (Cylert)
– Phenmetrazine is related chemically to the
amphetamines, and its abuse produces similar
effects.
– Investigator-Informant Contact Procedures. The
department must establish investigator-informant
contact procedures and train employees in their use.
– Informant Payments. Payments to CIs can be divided
into two distinct categoriesCawards and rewards.
McGraw-Hill
19-14(b)
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CLANDESTINE DRUG LABORATORIES
• Illicit operations that produce a variety of illegal
drugs for sale and distribution; due to the
chemicals, processes used, and workers=
inexperience, pose serious danger to police and
firefighters, as well as the public.
• Clandestine drug laboratories throughout the
United States produce a variety of illegal drugs
for sale and distribution.
• Clandestine laboratory operations are typically
identified in several ways:
– fire investigations
– information from informants
– tips from the community
McGraw-Hill
19-15© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
METH LABS
• Illegal laboratories that manufacture
methamphetamine; range from industrial-size
organizations to one-person tweeker labs, with
prevalence skyrocketing due to availability of
“recipes” and chemicals via the Internet
McGraw-Hill
19-16© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
METH LABS
• Meth labs are one of the fastest-growing types of
clandestine labs today
• Some dealers have developed small labs that can
produce quantities from one ounce to one pound
• These small labs create significant problems for law
enforcement
(Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration)
McGraw-Hill
19-17© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CONDUCTING A LABORATORY RAID
• Conducting a raid on an occupied laboratory
requires careful planning.
• Normally, a planning meeting involves:
– the police tactical unit
– bomb squad
– hazardous-material or chemical-waste disposal
personnel
– a chemist
– and the fire department representatives
McGraw-Hill
19-18© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
METH LAB RAID
• The methamphetamine cooking process is dangerous
due to fumes and volatility of ingredients
• After the scene is secured the assessment team (as
shown) enters
• Team members wear special protector equipment and
breathing gear
(Courtesy Detective David Street, Riverside County, California, Sheriff’s Department)
McGraw-Hill
19-19© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SEARCH WARRANTS AND PROBABLE CAUSE
• Officers engaged in drug enforcement must
understand the legal elements necessary to
constitute probable cause for obtaining search
warrants.
– Law Enforcement Background of the Warrant
Applicant
– Past Reliability of the Confidential Informant
– Information Supplied by the Informant
– Corroboration of the Information Supplied
McGraw-Hill
19-20© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
EVIDENCE HANDLING AND SECURITY PROBLEMS
• Aside from the burglaries, larcenies, and other
crimes committed because of narcotics, there
are additional related problems sprouting from
the drug-culture vine
• Some of these involve the police officers=
integrity
McGraw-Hill
19-21(a)
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
EVIDENCE HANDLING AND SECURITY PROBLEMS
(cont'd)
• The handling and securing of narcotics and
dangerous drugs after they are collected and
seized, has emerged as an area of growing
concern
• The evidence must be protected against loss
from the outside and sometimes from inside the
police agency
McGraw-Hill
19-21(b)
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.