Informal Document: EPPR-03-06e
(3rd EPPR Session – June 7, 2013)
Andrew Nathanson and Matthias Seidl
Insert the title of your presentation here
Job Title - Date
07 th June 2013

Contents
1
2
3
4
Page  2

Contents
1
2 Priority and structure of future legislation
3 Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys
4 Issues and options: Test types II and V
Page  3

Introduction to the study
 The EC is reaching the end of the process of revising type approval procedures for L-category vehicles
powered cycles, mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles and quadricycles
 The EC wishes, as far as possible, to replace the legislative text in the REPPR with references to international regulations to increase harmonisation
 The “Environmental and Propulsion Performance Requirements of L-category vehicles” (EPPR) informal working group has been established within the “Working Party on Pollution and Energy”
(GRPE) at the UN for this task
 On behalf of the EC, an independent consortium comprising of
TRL and Ecorys are performing a study to propose changes to various UN regulations to achieve this
Page  4

Introduction: Areas to be assessed
 Classification and definitions
L-category vehicle classification (L1e-B, L3-A1 etc.)
 Propulsion performance
Maximum vehicle speed
Maximum propulsion power and torque (engine test)
Maximum peak power
 Tailpipe related: Emissions over a driving cycle
Type I test – Emissions after cold start
Type II test – Idle emissions
Type VII test – Energy efficiency, i.e. CO
2 electric range emissions, fuel/energy consumption,
Type V test – Durability of pollution control devices
Type VIII test – OBD (environmental part)
 Non tailpipe related: Emissions from vehicle
Type III test – Crankcase emissions
Type IV test – Evaporative emissions
Page  5

Contents
1 Introduction to the study
2
3 Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys
4 Issues and options: Test types II and V
Page  6

Priority and structure of future legislation
1. First
Test type I: Emissions after cold start
Test type IV: Evaporative emissions
Test type VIII: OBD
2. Second
Test type V: Durability of pollution control devices
Test type III: Crankcase emissions
3. Third
Test type VII: Energy efficiency, i.e. CO2 emissions, fuel/energy consumption, electric range
Test type II: Idle emissions
4. Forth
Propulsion performance requirements (PPR)
5. Fifth
Classification of vehicles and definitions – Maintain definitions list throughout, for consistency within L-category (and M/N if possible)
Page  7

Possible UN legislation locations 1998 agreement
A B C
Categorisation
Categories
Definitions
S.R.1
S.R.1
S.R.1
Tailpipe related
(all others use
Type I test cycle)
Type I
Type II
Type VII
Type V
Type VIII
(Type VI)
GTR No. 2 GTR No. 2 GTR No. 2
GTR New γ
GTR New γ
GTR New δ
Non-tailpipe related
Type III
Type IV
GTR New α GTR New α GTR New α
Propulsive performance
Max. vehicle speed
Max. propulsion power / torque
GTR New β GTR New β
 Separate annexes for two-wheelers and three-wheelers
 Empty annex for four-wheelers, implement in 1958 agreement first
GTR New β
Page  8

Possible UN legislation locations 1958 agreement
Categorisation
Categories
Definitions
A
R.E.3
Propulsive performance
Max. vehicle speed
Max. propulsion power / torque
A
R68
R85
B
New
Test Types
Type I
Type II
Type VII
(Type VI)
Type V
Type VIII
Type III
Type IV
A
Single
Regulation
B
New Reg.
New Reg.
New Reg.
New Reg.
…
Other possible arrangements
?
Also
Partial Update
R40/47
 Quadricycle work could be applied under 1958 agreement first
Page  9

Critical path for proposals to UN legislation
Analysis of world legislation
Type VII Type VIII PPR
In depth analysis Type IV Type III
Generate base text, combined with areas for discussion and options
Input stakeholder’s views from: questionnaire, EPPR and communications
Type I
Type II
Type V
Categories
Included chosen options into first draft of proposals
 Prioritised test areas are analysed first: i.e. tests within GTR No. 2,
Evaporative, OBD
 All except propulsive performance currently being worked on
Page  10

Contents
1 Introduction to the study
2 Priority and structure of future legislation
3
4 Issues and options: Test types II and V
Page  11

Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys
Test types I to VIII, classification, PPR
Cover known issues
Identify technical issues
Identify harmonisation issues
Identify issues
Develop options to resolve each issue
UN legislation and proposals
Regional leg. and proposals
Standards
Select preferred options
Publish unresolved issues
Publish resolved issues
(with options, preferred option, justification)
EPPR group discussion
Publish proposals
Page  12

Detail: Selection of preferred options
Start ‘Select preferred options’
Define order of priority of legislative sources
Order options according to these priorities
1. UN legislation
(L/M, 1998, 1958)
2. Regional legislation
(EU, USA, Japan, India,
China, other)
3. Standards
(ISO, BS, IEC, EN, etc.)
Technical expertise
Questionnaire results
Stakeholder input
Contracting parties
Assess options: Start from top until a viable option is identified
Justify selection
No viable option identified: Requires further EPPR group input
End ‘Select preferred options’
Page  13

Contents
1 Introduction to the study
2 Priority and structure of future legislation
3 Development of proposals by TRL and Ecorys
4
Page  14

Test type II – Idle emissions
 Focus for test type II currently put on UN GTR No. 2
 Compression ignition (CI) engines
Include free acceleration test procedure
 Hybrid vehicles
Include provisions for hybrid vehicles
 Bi-fuel vehicles
Test on both fuels
Exempt emergency tanks?
 Idling speed adjustment
Require measurements at all possible settings?
 Test equipment
Requirements and calibration as for test type I or inservice testing?
 Measured parameters
Add HC and O
2
?
Page  15

Test type V – Durability of pollution control devices
 Analysis currently focussed on EU REPPR, US CFR and UN R83
 Driving schedules
US AMA
EU SRC-LeCV
Alternative selection
 Emissions tests
Number of type I test points
Number of tests at each test point
Periodically regenerating pollution control systems
 Test distances
US or EU
Link to driving schedule
 Test equipment
Dynamometer
Test track
 Reduced mileage accumulation
Partial mileage accumulation
Mathematical procedure
 Hybrid vehicles
Operating mode
Battery charging frequency
Page  16

Presented by: Andrew Nathanson and Matthias Seidl, TRL
L-EPPR: 07 th June 2013
Andrew Nathanson: anathanson@trl.co.uk
+44 (0)1344 77-0504
Matthias Seidl: mseidl@trl.co.uk
+44 (0)1344 77-0549
Page  17

Annexes
 Key Dates
Milestones past
Future
 Issues and options previously presented
Classification of vehicles
Test type I – Emissions after cold start
Test type III – Crankcase emissions
Test type IV – Evaporative emissions
Page  18

 December 2012: Publicising study 
Email to stakeholders
 10 January 2013 
Questionnaire published by Ecorys and TRL
 18 January 2013: GRPE (65 th session) 
& EPPR (1 st session)
1 st meeting of the L-EPPR group, review among others: Rules of
Procedure (RoP), Terms of Reference (ToR) & Draft roadmap
 12 – 15 March 2013: WP.29 (159 th session) 
Progress report
 25 – 26 April 2013: EPPR (2 nd session) 
Review: RoP, ToR, Mandate, Roadmap
Discuss: Configuration of new legislation
 From 2 nd – 3 rd EPPR conference calls 
Conference calls to discuss ToR, RoP, Mandate and roadmap
Page  19

 4-7 June 2013: GRPE (66 th session)
& EPPR (3 rd session) 
Adoption of RoP, ToR & roadmap
 12-15 November 2013: WP.29 (161 th session)
Adoption of GRPE decision and progress report
 Autumn 2013: EPPR (4 th session)
Begin main work
 2013-2016: Multiple EPPR group and subgroup meetings and/or conference calls
Regularly reporting to GRPE and the Administrative Committees
AC.1 and AC.3 in WP29
 2014-2016: Adopt new and/or amendments to UN Reg(s) and GTR(s);
 2016+
Regions accede to agreed updated legislation
Page  20

Classification of vehicles
 UN Resolution R.E.3 defines categories L
1 to L
7
(1958 agreement)
 UN Resolution S.R.1 defines categories 3-1 to 3-5 (1998 agreement)
 Classification
Align category limits with EU:
Max. speed, power and mass?
Add categorisation parameters: Dimensions, seating positions and power limits?
Define further sub-categories based on GTR No 2 or
European system?
Include quadricycles in category 3 (S.R.1), i.e. create categories 3-6 and 3-7?
 Scope
Exclude slow moving vehicles, vehicles for the physically handicapped etc. from categories L/3?
 Definitions
Reference test procedures for max. speed and power?
Insert definitions?
Vehicle masses and dimensions
‘Engine cylinder capacity’
Additional terms for Regulations and
GTRs
Page  21

Test type I – Cold start emissions
 The 1 st session on the EPPR group emphasised prioritising UN GTR
No. 2. This currently contains test types I, II and VII
 Updates to Technology
Power in test configuration
Pure electric vehicles
Hybrid vehicles


Alternative fuel sources
E5, B5, E85, LPG, NG,
Hydrogen, and H
2
NG mixtures
Vehicle scope
<50 cm 3 and 3 & 4 wheels
 Emission measurement
Addition of PM measurement
Update of HC method
Calibration
 Harmonised test fuel
Petrol: E5, E10, USA, Japan
Diesel: B5, USA, Japan
Ethanol: E75, E85
 Harmonisation with other vehicles test requirements
Reference temperature
Cooling fan
Inertia, air resistance
WLTP, VPSD
Page  22
 General fixes
Reference updated documents
Typographical and wording
Clarity and ordering

Test type III – Crankcase emissions
 Not currently tested for L-cats
 General options
Do nothing (are crankcase emissions important?).
Perform a Type III test.
Perform a Type III test only deemed necessary (at TAA’s discretion).
 Type III tests (from REPPR)
Base test – at 3 steady states, ensure crankcase pressure does not exceed atmospheric pressure. If failed then:
Additional test, option 1 – fit a bag to a suitable take-off and check it does not inflate during the 3 steady state tests.
Additional test, option 2 – pressurise the crankcase to 50 kPa and monitor for 900 seconds. (15 minutes)
 Alternative options
Can a test be performed during the Type I test? For example, fit a bag to the engine and ensure it does not inflate over the Type I test.
Page  23

Test type IV – Evaporative emissions
 Not currently tested for L-cats in EU. Permeation test in USA plus
SHED test in California
 General options
Do nothing (unrealistic).
Set a fixed procedure (would be difficult to agree).
Provide a list of stages covering the basic to the most advanced test procedure.
 Test cycles option
Test cycle needed for preconditioning for the hot soak test and for test for running loss test.
Specify the test cycle to use in the test.
Do not specify the cycle, simply refer to the Type I test.
 Test fuel
Specify the reference fuel to be used in the test.
Refer to the reference fuel used for the Type I test.
Page  24

Test type IV – Evaporative emissions
 Proposal – create a new GTR containing a list of stages, e.g.
Test
1Fuel tank permeability test a
Evaporative emissions stage b c d

SHED
-
2Fuel system permeation test
3Tip test
4Short diurnal (fuel temp. change)



-
-
S fv
5Long diurnal (chamber temp. change) 
6Hot soak loss test
7Running loss test
 

S vv
S fv
S rl
Page  25
S fv
Fixed volume SHED required as a minimum
S vv
Variable volume SHED required, or a modified fixed volume SHED
S rl
Running loss SHED if available, otherwise a standard chassis dynamometer with sampling of critical areas