Transplantations &
Borderlands
Chapter 2
Reasons why English Merchants
invested their money in America
O Gold & Silver
O Lumber
O Northeastern part of the country was known as
the “Great American Forest”
O Why did England need lumber?
O Shipbuilding
O Homes
Reasons why English Merchants
invested their money in America
O Colonists would have to buy manufactured
goods
O Fishing
O What part of the country would fish be abundant?
O Patriotic Duty to challenge Spain as an
economic power.
Columbian Exchange
Reasons why the Common People
came to America
O What is the Enclosure Movement & why
would it force people to move to America?
O Better Way of Life – the enclosure
movement forced people to leave their home
land as indentured servants & come to
America
Reasons why the Common People
came to America
O Freedom of Religion
O The Protestant Reformation, led by Martin Luther,
questioned catholic practices, which caused
some religious groups to come to America (1517)
O King Henry VIII established the Church of England
or Anglican Church in a dispute with the Roman
Catholic Church.
O King James I of England forced his subjects to join
his Anglican or Church of England (1601)
Reasons why the Common People
came to America
O Freedom of Government - Religious &
political persecution were common.
O Adventure
Chesapeake Colonies
O Virginia
O Maryland
The Early Chesapeake
O Early English attempts to transplant English
society were carried out by joint‐stock
companies chartered by the Crown
O Virginia Company settled the first permanent
colony in VA in 1607 (Jamestown)
Jamestown
O Jamestown was hampered by high mortality
rate
O Site was low, swampy, and in the territory of
the powerful Powhatan Indians
O Settlers were prone to diseases (malaria)
O Settlers were almost entirely men with few
useful skills & no sense of community
John Smith
O Captain John Smith was the leader of the
Jamestown settlers
O In 1608, he imposed order and discipline;
few deaths occurred during the second
winter
O Soon after he left, problems arose again
(even though the colony received more
immigrants and supplies)
Starving Time
O Initially, Powhatan Indians showed the
English how to cultivate corn (maize)
O By the winter of 1609‐1610 (starving time)
relations soured
O Survivors were reinforced by continued
immigration and governors achieved stability
by implementing harsh regimes
Limited Success
O The following helped Virginia achieve
stability and modest success:
O Private property
O John Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco
O Influx of skilled workers and indentured
servants due to the Headright system
O Political participation in the House of
Burgesses
O Introduction of African labor
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Suppression of the Powhatan
O Virginia’s expansion came at the expense of the
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local Powhatan Indians
In 1622, the Powhatan attacked Jamestown
killing one‐quarter of the population
The Colonists pursued a strategy of suppression
that ended the Powhatan threat by 1644
The 1622 attacks drove the Virginia Company
into bankruptcy
The King revoked its charter in 1624 bringing
colony under the crown as a royal colony
Maryland & the Calverts
O Catholic Calvert family was awarded Maryland
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as a proprietary colony in 1632
Lord Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, saw this a
commercial venture and refuge for English
Catholics
To fulfill the commercial goal, he invited
Protestants to live in Maryland, but they almost
immediately outnumbered the Catholics
To protect the Catholic minority, Maryland
adopted the Act of Toleration in 1649.
Established the basis for religious toleration.
Maryland
O Large land grants from the proprietors
established a powerful landed aristocracy
O Instability in Maryland resulted from warfare
among the settlers rather than with the
Indians
O Maryland used the Headright system,
indentured servants, and ultimately slaves
to cultivate the labor‐intensive tobacco crop
Sir William Berkeley
O The governor, Sir William Berkeley,
attempted to resolve conflicts by setting
aside land areas for the natives and
restricting English settlement in those areas
O This furthered the existing schism between
the land‐hungry western “backcountry
gentry” and the eastern aristocracy
O In 1676, this erupted into revolt when
Nathaniel Bacon, a backcountry landowner,
attacked Indians in defiance of the Governor
Bacon’s Rebellion
O Twice, Bacon attacked Jamestown, yet Berkeley
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regained control
Bacon died of dysentery and troops arrived from
England
Bacon’s Rebellion left the Indians in a weaker
position with less territory
It Revealed:
O The unwillingness of the English to honor
agreements with Indians
O The bitterness between eastern and western
interests
O Dangers of an unstable landless population
New England Colonies
O New Hampshire
O Massachusetts (Maine part of Mass)
O Rhode Island
O Connecticut
Plymouth Colony
O Puritan dissenters from the Church of England
known as Pilgrim Separatists founded the first
lasting settlement in New England
O After first moving to Holland to escape Anglican
repression, they obtained permission to settle in
America
O In 1620, a small group abroad the Mayflower
settled at Plymouth, north of Cape Cod
O The Separatists established a civil government
based on majority rule in the Mayflower Compact
Relations with the Indians
O Massachusetts Indians were less able to resist
the European settlement than the Powhatans
because the Massachusetts Indians had been
weakened by disease
O Even with assistance from Squanto and
Samoset, half the Pilgrims perished during the
first winter
O Their belief that they were fulfilling God’s will
sustained the community
Massachusetts Bay Colony
O Another group, the Puritans, many of whom were
merchants, obtained a charter for the
Massachusetts Bay Company
O 1,000 colonists arrived in the area around
Boston in 1630
O The Massachusetts charter served as a
foundation for the government and John
Winthrop was chosen governor
Theocracy
O Puritan villages each regulated their own affairs
O Seeing themselves as an example of a godly
community to purify England they created “a city
upon a hill” to be an example to the world
O The clergy and the government worked closely
together
O Only male church members, the “saints” as they
were known, could vote or hold office
Prosperity & Dissent
O The following created rapid growth and
prosperity:
O Strong sense of community
O Continuing influx of immigrants
O Aid from the Indians and Pilgrims
O Strong sense of religious purpose
O Puritans left England to practice their religion,
but they did not support religious freedom
O Those who did not accept Puritan ideas were
forced to leave Massachusetts
Connecticut
O Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister, settled with
his congregation in the fertile Connecticut River
Valley at Hartford in 1639
O They adopted a written constitution, the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (more
inclusive male voting rights than Massachusetts
Bay)
O New Haven Colony merged with Hartford in
1662
Rhode Island
O Puritan minister Roger Williams, who argued
for the complete separation of church and
state, was banished from Massachusetts in
1635
O He bought land from the Narragansett
Indians and founded Providence in Rhode
Island
O He was granted a royal charter in 1644,
Rhode Island had no established church and
supported religious freedom
Anne Hutchinson
O Anne Hutchinson preached in her home, which was
criticized as heresy
O That only those who had a conversion experience
could be one of the elect
O That good works alone were not sufficient proof of
sainthood
O She criticized the established clergy, crossed the
boundary of a woman’s proper role, and claimed to
have direct communication with God
O She was banished to Newport, Rhode Island in 1637
O Three years later, dissident John Wheelwright, an
adherent of Hutchinson, founded New Hampshire
Indian Assistance
O Due to European diseases that had
decimated their populations the northern
Indians were in less advantageous position
than those to the south
O They provided assistance to the settlers,
sold their lands, and traded furs to the
European settlers
O They taught the Europeans about local
crops—corn, beans, pumpkins, and
potatoes—and agricultural techniques
Shifting Attitudes
O Conflicts arose as settlers moved inland
O Puritans were critical of the “heathen”
Indians and their threat to godly Puritan
communities
O Some tried to convert the natives, but most
Puritans came to accept removal or
extermination to solve the Indian “problem”
Decline of Native Populations
O Indians way of life was threatened as:
O Colonists cleared forests
O Drove off game
O Allowed roaming livestock to destroy native
crops
O Introduced alcohol
O Infected natives with disease
O As a result native populations declined
rapidly.
King Phillip’s War
O Competition over land and power prompted conflict
O In the 1637 Pequot War, Puritans were particularly brutal,
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killing Indian women and children
The English incursion on native lands led Metacomet, or
King Philip, a Wampanoag chief, to strike back in 1675
Settlers allied with the Mohawk tribe against the
Wampanoags
King Philip’s War took a heavy toll on all sides
The Indian threat to the English diminished but was not
eliminated
Casualties were high in part because Indians adopted
English technology
10 Days that Unexpectedly
Changed America
O Massacre at the Mystic
O Video & Question Assignment
Middle Colonies
O New York
O New Jersey
O Pennsylvania
O Delaware
New Netherland
O This settlement by the Dutch included parts of the
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present-day states of New York, Delaware, New Jersey,
and Connecticut.
The region was claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch
although others had reached the area earlier.
New Netherland was a multiethnic, multireligious
society: about half of the population was Dutch and the
remainder included French, Germans, Scandinavians,
and small numbers of Jews from Brazil.
It developed as a trading post colony with the goal being
profit. It became known for its diversity, freedom of
worship, self-government, & tax exempt free land.
It’s capital New Amsterdam, the precursor to New York
City,
New Netherland
O In New Netherland, large Dutch estates,
were offered to Dutch settlers called
patroons and similar land grants were made
by the proprietor to increase settlement to
challenge the English.
O Despite this challenge, the English
continued to arrive.
O The 1647 arrival of Peter Stuyvesant
stabilized the colony. The colony’s trade
success led to English interest in the region.
New York
O Atlantic commercial rivalry between the Dutch and
English intensified when Charles II granted the Duke of
York, his brother James, land between the Connecticut
and Delaware Rivers (had been occupied by the Dutch
since 1624)
O York established his claim to the former New Netherland
in 1664 when an English fleet captured New Amsterdam
O Rename New York the colony boasted diverse
population from a variety of European countries as well
as Africans and Native Americans
O Religious toleration was guaranteed and political
authority rested in a governor and council, and local
governments.
New Jersey
O Agriculture, the fur trade, and commerce
supported the economy
O James granted his lands south of New York
to John Berkeley and George Cateret
O The colony of New Jersey contained
enormous ethnic and religious diversity
O After a decade New Jersey became a royal
colony
William Penn
O William Penn, a Quaker from the Society of Friends,
was owed a large debt from the king, who repaid it by
a grant of land between New York and Maryland
O Rejecting the Puritan concepts of predestination and
original sin, Quakers believed all people contained an
inner light that could lead them to salvation
O Women assumed equal position to men in the church
O Generally democratic, pacifist, and unpopular in
England the Quakers looked to America as a refuge &
Penn provided it
Pennsylvania
O William Penn attracted settlers from throughout
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Europe
Pennsylvania became the most cosmopolitan
American colony
Penn purchased land from the Indians
His holy experiment practiced some degree of
democracy with its representative assembly
In 1701, Charter of Liberties limited the
proprietor’s power
Southern Colonies
O North Carolina
O South Carolina
O Georgia
Carolina Colony
O Eight proprietors received a grant of land
from Virginia to Georgia with nearly absolute
power and named the area Carolina
O They hoped to profit as landlords and land
speculators
O Aided by philosopher John Locke, the
proprietors drafted a constitution, but the
actual settlement followed a different
pattern.
North & South Carolina
O Family subsistence farming developed in the
north
O In the more cosmopolitan and aristocratic south,
the cultivation of rice and trade were the major
commercial ventures
O Barbadian emigrants brought African slaves to
the colony where a plantation‐based society
arose
O Tensions between the north and south ended
when the king separated them into two colonies
in 1729
Georgia
O In part to counter the Spanish threat, King
George granted a charter for land between
the Carolinas and Florida to a group led by
James Oglethorpe in 1732
O These trustees hoped to provide a buffer
from the Spanish and be a refuge for
debtors and the poor
Caribbean Islands
O Spain claimed all the Caribbean islands &
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settled only a few
England settled others without contest
Sugarcane (potential to be distilled into rum)
became the cash crop
Enslaved Africans became the labor force
The small, white ruling class governed a
larger number of Africans and natives, which
created much instability
Slaves
O Slave mortality was high because of the
climate and harsh treatment
O Slave revolts took place despite legal codes
to ensure white supremacy
O Other forms of resistance also developed
Triangular Trade
O The Caribbean was an important part of the
Atlantic triangular trade
O Sugar, rum, and slaves were sent to the
mainland and England
O The Islands provided models for the North
American plantation system
Spanish Borderlands
O To the south and west lay the Spanish Empire
O The Spanish established presidios along the
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California coast and missions throughout the
southwest to convert natives
The natives were forced to work on estates and died
in great numbers
Spanish borderlands were not growing and did not
attempt to displace natives
Unlike the English, Spanish intermarried with natives
Two societies were blended, even if the Spanish did
not treat natives well as a group
Spanish Florida
O The Spanish in Florida were a more direct
threat to the English than in the Southwest
O Their settlement was centered around St.
Augustine in the east and Pensacola on the
Gulf Coast
O Tensions between the English and Spanish
arose frequently
O Florida ceased to be a threat only after the
French and Indian War in 1763
Relations with Native
Americans
O Along the western borders English colonists were
too few to dominate. They learned to live with an
uneasy truce with Native Americans.
O The Indians resented this European intrusion but
looked to the French and British for gifts,
weapons, and mediation of internal disputes
and conflicts between tribes.
O The French quickly learned this role, but it
waned by the mid‐1700s.
O The English ultimately turned to conquest and
subjugation.
Mercantilism
O By 1650 the continued success of the colonial
system demanded a more organized imperial
structure
O England embraced mercantilism, an economic
theory aimed at increasing a nation’s wealth by:
O Prohibiting colonies from trading with foreign
nations
O Using colonies for raw materials
O Selling manufactured goods in colonial markets
Navigation Acts
O To counter Dutch shipping competition and
colonial trade with Americans, Britain
passed a series of laws to regulate trade
called the Navigation Acts.
O These laws required:
O Colonial trade to be carried in British ships
O Certain products to be sent directly to
England
O Goods from Europe to first pass through
England before going to the colonies
Benefits of the Navigation Acts
O The Navigation Acts encouraged the colonial
shipbuilding industry and created demand
for colonial goods in England.
O Despite the presence of customs officials
and colonial protests, the Navigation Acts
served both Britain and the colonies well.
Dominion of New England
O Britain had been increasing imperial control over
the American colonies by gradually converting
them to royal colonies.
O The crown united the New England colonies into
the Dominion of New England in 1686.
O James II abolished the existing representative
assemblies and appointed a single governor,
Edmund Andros
O His rigid enforcement of the Navigation Acts
quickly made him unpopular.
Glorious Revolution
O Catholic King James II was losing support in England
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as well as in America
In 1688, Parliament invited his Protestant daughter
Mary, and her Husband, William of Orange, to
assume the throne.
James fled & the northern colonists dissolved the
Dominion of New England.
News of this Glorious Revolution inspired Jacob
Leisler, a German immigrant merchant, to challenge
the ruling New York elite.
He ruled for two years but was ultimately tried for
treason and hanged.
Maryland
O In Maryland, John Coode:
O Revolted against the proprietor’s government
O Drove out the ruling officials
O Established a committee to govern the colony
O Although these actions in the wake of the
Glorious Revolution validated certain rights
of Englishmen, the colonies were more
closely bound to royal authority by the end of
the century than before.