The lifetime of a resource depends on…
1. How much we have
2. How fast we use it
What resources does the US have?
• Fossil fuels =
– Coal
– Natural Gas
– Oil
• How does energy get trapped in a fossil
fuel?
– http://www.npr.org/news/specials/climate/vi
deo/
Example of the Matter and Energy Laws
Global Warming
Acid Rain Smog
Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash +
(CxHxSxOx)
Light + Noise + Heat
They’re all just different forms!
Projected Supplies in US
These are reserves, based on current technology
• Oil – 12 years
• Natural gas – 90 year supply
• Coal – 430 year supply
The lifetime of a resource depends on…
1. How much we have
2. How fast we use it
Uses of
Fossil Fuels
COAL is cheaper, GAS is cleaner, OIL is the highest
quality
Coal: $0.85 per million Btu
Natural Gas: $2.18 per million Btu
Crude Oil: $2.97 per million Btu
• Sources of
electricity
Coal
Coal Trivia Facts
• Most abundant fossil fuel
– 400 year supply
• 66% of known coal is located in the U.S.
• U.S. is 2nd largest consumer of coal
– China is 1st!
• Most environmentally damaging fossil fuel.
Formation of
Coal
What is coal?
• Easily combustible
rock (high C
content)
• The longer it’s been
forming the higher
the grade/quality
– Higher grade burns
cleaner
What sample do you have?
Describe your sample (2-5 words)
Four (4) Grades of Coal
1. Peat
–
earliest stage in coal formation
(youngest)
2. Lignite (brown coal)
–
Low carbon = Low energy
3. Bituminous (soft coal)
–
Most common
4. Anthracite (hard coal)
–
Highest carbon = highest energy
• Carbon content
increases
• Water
decreases
• Burns hotter &
cleaner!
What kind of coal do you
have?
1. Find the correct location.
2. What’s the full picture?
– Share your info
3. Describe your coal type in one
sentence
– Summarize the info you have
How is it extracted?
Underground Mining
• for coal buried 200-1,000 ft. deep
• miners work in tunnels to get coal from underground
– Most dangerous (black lung, subsidence), most laborious
Tour a Coal Mine: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bk-jrbCi7Sc&
How is it extracted?
Surface Mining
-for coal that is
buried less
than 200 feet
deep
-Cheapest
method
-Biggest
enviro. impact
http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2009/03/removing_mountains.html
Strip Mining
Open Pit Mining
Reclamation Reform Act
– Study before
– Mine
– Fill and replant – restore back to original
To get 1 ton of coal, 16 tons of
land need to be removed…
Byproducts: Waste and water
Runoff: Mercury, ash
Sludge
Environmental Concerns
• Surface mining – removes the top of an
entire mountain
• Toxic chemicals – (mercury) leach from
waste rock into nearby streams
• Pollution, Acid Rain, & Global Warming
– depends on the grade of the coal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkHfnp2czZQ
Centralia, PA
Centralia, PA
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkHfnp2czZQ
• More than 500 fires burning in coal deposits and
waste heaps in the US
Advantages
1. Cheap
2. Needs little refining
3. US has over 400 years remaining
U.S.
Coal
Deposits
World Coal Deposits - what
are the top 3 countries?
What is coal used for?
• Burned to generate electricity
– ½ of electricity in US is from coal
• Making steel
– used to smelt iron ore into iron
Oil
Oil Trivia Facts
• First discovered in the US in 1859 in Titusville,
Pennsylvania!
• Known reserves expected to last less than 50 years
– Current price per barrel (42 gallons): $99
What is Crude Oil?
• Petroleum (crude oil)
– Thick, black oil as it
comes out of the ground
• Most valuable natural
resource (?)
– Gasoline, heating oil, jet
fuel, grease, wax,
asphalt, plastics…
How are oil and gas found?
Between underground
rock
- Lower layer is porous
- Upper layer is
impermeable
http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11h
Oil
Extraction
Pumped from
ground using…
 Gravity
 Water
 CO2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMBhX1IxajU&feature=related
Oil Refining
• Refinery
– Heat crude oil
– Lowest boiling
point components
are collected first
– Limited refineries
in the world.
• Affects supplies,
which affects
prices.
http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11o
What is petroleum used for?
• Fuel - transportation,
generating electricity,
heating
• Making products - plastic,
fleece, ink, floor wax, soap,
carpet, nail polish, aspirin,
etc. (over 6,000 products)
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries
– Control 67% of world’s oil
– Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait,
UAE, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, and
Venezuela
Oil in U.S.
•2.3% of world
reserves
•uses nearly 30%
of world
reserves;
•increasing
dependence on
imports.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Advantages to using oil
• Most bang for the buck…
– Gives the most energy with the least amount
of wasted energy (high net energy)
• Easily transported
Disadvantages to using oil
• Oil reserves are low
– Economic depletion = Cost to extract
remaining supply is more expensive than
its sale price.
Environmental Concerns
1. Pollution - many
pollutants created
when burned which
leads to smog and
acid rain
2. Global Warming releases CO2 when
burned
3. Threat to wildlife –
offshore drilling, oil
spills
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA
WIN $1 MILLION!
X Challenge Foundation
http://www.iprizecleanoceans.org/
YOUR CHALLENGE:
Design a technique/tool that allows you to…
1.Remove oil from the water
2.Recover as much oil as possible for reuse
3.Do all of this quickly
Do you have any supplies that
you want to bring in?
• Exxon Valdez and BP Oil Spill
– Deepwater horizon pics
• Offshore and ANWR drilling
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA
– ANWR and offshore
• Oil spill Clean up methods
– http://www.cnbc.com/id/37593652/17_Way
s_To_Clean_Up_The_Gulf_Oil_Spill?slide
=14
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lCIjdon
8Bg (Dawn commerical
• After the spill
• http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2009/
03/exxon-valdez-oi.html
Natural Gas
• Underground gas
– Mostly methane CH4 (50%
- 90%)
• Usually in or near oil
wells
• Can also be found alone
or trapped in rock (shale
gas)
Where is it found?
Natural Gas Reserves
1. Russia (24%)
2. Iran (16%)
3. Turkmenistan (12%)
4. Qatar (11.5%)
5. United States (4%)
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Where is it found?
Interactive Map: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112970060
The
Marcellus
Shale
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=O0kmskvJFt0&f
eature=related
Lochland Town Meeting
• Are you FOR or
AGAINST drilling in
Lochland?
– What would you tell
your neighbor to get
them on your side?
• A similar situation in a
neighboring town:
http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/boomtown/
Natural Gas Extraction
1.
Tap gas field - Propane & butane are liquefied
•
2.
Stored in pressurized tanks
Remaining gas (methane) is dried to remove water,
cleansed to remove impurities
•
Odor is added to detect leaks
Processing
Pressurized & piped to homes.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be
shipped in refrigerated tanker ships
• Lose ¼ of net energy when this is done
What is it used for?
• Producing heat and electricity
• Fuel for transportation
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Burns the cleanest
• Higher reserves than
oil
• Easily transported to
houses
• Growing industry
providing jobs
• Drinking water may
get contaminated
http://www.colbertnation.co
m/the-colbert-reportvideos/433538/march-052014/tip-wag---chevron--fda
– Flowback
– Abandoned wells
• Drilling disturbs land
• Air pollution from
trucks and leaks at
padsite
• Shipping across
ocean is dangerous