Local Drug Use Trends 2011
& What We Can Do
D. Scott Kelly MA,CAADC,CRPS
Co-Founder & Executive Director
Bay Area Substance Education Services, Inc.
(BASES)
208 W Lincoln, Charlevoix, MI 49720
(231) 547-1144
www.BASESTeenCenter.org
scott@basesteencenter.org
Local Trends in 2011
After all this time…
Alcohol still most widely
used locally
Marijuana is on the rise
Tobacco is still a concern
Opiates & prescription
pills are on the rise
Heroin and needle use on
the rise
A New Development on Teen Alcohol Use
http://www.clickondetroit.com/video/29237120/index.html
New and unusual…
Called “designer” or
“club” drugs 10-20 years
ago, now called
synthetics
Synthetic cannabinoids –
round two this year
Synthetic stimulants
Over the counters,
herbals, strange and
unusual concoctions
Alcohol - 30 Day Use Trends for
Charlevoix County Students
3
Marijuana-30 Day Use Trends
for Charlevoix County Students
4
When Parents Say No
When Parents Allow Some Use
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Alc/Drug
Consequence
Drinking &
Driving
Illicit Drug
Use
Anti-Social
Behavior
A Major Reason People
Take a Drug is they Like
What It Does to Their Brains
Stimulants
COCAINE
METHAMPHETAMINE
CRACK
Types of Stimulant Drugs
Cocaine Products
Cocaine Powder (Generally sniffed, injected,
smoked on foil)
“Crack” (smoked)
Major areas of use: South America; USA
(predominantly major urban centers,
disproportionately impacts African American
community); Increasing in Europe.
Types of Stimulant Drugs
Amphetamine Type Stimulants (ATS)
Amphetamine
Dexamphetamine
Methylphenidate
Methamphetamine
“Speed”
“Ice”
“Crank”
“Yaba”
“Shabu”
Methamphetamine vs. Cocaine
Cocaine half-life: 1-2 hours
Methamphetamine half-life: 8-12 hours
Cocaine paranoia: 4 -8 hours following drug cessation
Methamphetamine paranoia: 7-14 days
Methamphetamine psychosis - May require
medication/hospitalization and may not be reversible
Neurotoxicity: Appears to be more profound with
amphetamine-like substances
Scope of the Methamphetamine
Problem Worldwide
According to surveys and estimates by WHO
and UNODC, methamphetamine is the most
widely used illicit drug in the world except for
cannabis.
World wide it is estimated there are over 26
million regular users of
amphetamine/methamphetamine, as compared
to approximately 16 million heroin users and 14
million cocaine users
Natural Rewards Elevate Dopamine Levels
200
% of Basal DA Output
NAc shell
150
100
Empty
50
Box Feeding
SEX
200
150
100
15
10
5
0
0
0
60
120
Time (min)
180
ScrScr
BasFemale 1 Present
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number
Scr
Scr
Female 2 Present
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Mounts
Intromissions
Ejaculations
Source: Di Chiara et al.
Source: Fiorino and Phillips
Copulation Frequency
DA Concentration (% Baseline)
FOOD
Effects of Drugs on Dopamine Release
ETHANOL
400
% of Basal Release
Accumbens
Dose (g/kg ip)
200
0.25
0.5
1
2.5
150
100
0
1
2
3
Time After Ethanol
250
NICOTINE
200
Accumbens
Caudate
150
100
COCAINE
Accumbens
DA
DOPAC
HVA
300
200
100
0
4hr
Time After Cocaine
METHAMPHETAMINE
1500
% Basal Release
0
% of Basal Release
% of Basal Release
250
Accumbens
1000
500
0
0
0
1
2
3 hr
Time After Nicotine
0
1
2
3hr
Time After Methamphetamine
Source: Shoblock and Sullivan; Di Chiara and Imperato
Prolonged Drug Use Changes
the Brain In Fundamental
and Long-Lasting Ways
Decreased dopamine transporter
binding in METH users resembles
that in
Parkinson’s Disease patients
Control
Methamphetamine PD
Source: McCann U.D.. et al.,Journal of Neuroscience, 18, pp. 8417-8422, October 15, 1998.
Because…
Their Brains
have been
Re-Wired
by Drug Use
Partial Recovery of Brain Dopamine
Transporters in Methamphetamine
(METH)
Abuser After Protracted Abstinence
3
0
ml/gm
Normal Control
METH Abuser
(1 month detox)
METH Abuser
(24 months detox)
Source: Volkow, ND et al., Journal of Neuroscience 21, 9414-9418, 2001.
–
33 year old man, high on methamphetamine admitted to emergency room
complaining of severe headache in Portland Oregon.
–
X-ray revealed 12, 2 inch nails (6 on each side) in his head, administered with aq
nail gun.
–
The man at first claimed it was an accident, but he later admitted that it was a
suicide attempt. The nails were removed, and the man survived without any
serious permanent damage.
–
He was eventually transferred to psychiatric care; he stayed for almost one month
under court order but then left against doctors’ orders
MSNBC-TV
Long-term effects of stimulants





















Strokes, seizures, and headaches
Irritability, restlessness
Depression, anxiety, irritability, anger
Memory loss, confusion, attention problems
Insomnia
Paranoia, auditory hallucinations, panic reactions
Suicidal ideation
Sinus infection
Loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, chronic runny nose,
hoarseness
Dry mouth, burned lips
Worn teeth (due to grinding during intoxication)
Problems swallowing
Chest pain, cough, respiratory failure
Disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attack
Gastrointestinal complications (abdominal pain and nausea)
Loss of libido
Malnourishment, weight loss, anorexia
Weakness, fatigue
Tremors
Sweating
Oily skin, complexion
METH Use Leads to Severe Tooth
Decay
“METH Mouth”
Source: The New York Times, June 11, 20
Methamphetamine
Psychiatric Consequences
Paranoid reactions
Long term memory loss
Depressive reactions
Hallucinations
Psychotic reactions
Panic disorders
Rapid addiction
More on Synthetics…
Spice & K2
More on Synthetics…
Bath Salts
More on Synthetics…
Spice & K2
http://www.slideshare.net/Guedde/spicek2-synthetic-cannabinoids-6988186
Bath Salts
http://www.slideshare.net/Guedde/mdpv-bath-salts-emerging-drug-trends
Based on local ER reports…
More and more psychotic features coming
into the emergency rooms locally
Believed to be a result of synthetics –
cannabinoids and stimulants
Locals are involved in making their own
concoctions of these and there is no way
of knowing what is in them…
Michigan Economics…
High levels of unemployment locally
Unemployment benefits running out
With the increases in drug use and more
bizarre psychiatric responses from these
chemicals, there is potential for increases
in property crimes and violent crimes
Need to TAKE ACTION NOW in a
multitude of ways…