ACOS 4.0
Describe forms of energy,
including chemical, heat,
light, and mechanical.
What is energy?
Energy is the ability to do work.
 Work is the use of force to move an
object.
 Therefore, energy is the ability to cause
something to move.
 Energy can change from one form
to another.
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Types of Energy
There are two main types of energy;
potential and kinetic.
 Potential (stored energy)
 Kinetic (moving/motion) energy come
in many forms.
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4.1 Identifying types of
potential and kinetic energy.
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Potential and kinetic energy come in many
forms.
When energy is stored it is potential
energy. Examples of potential energy are
stored mechanical energy (or elastic energy)
and stored chemical energy.
Chemical energy is energy found in
batteries, food, and fuel. Examples of kinetic
energy are thermal (heat), light, sound, and
electrical.
Mechanical energy can be both potential
and kinetic.
4.2 Describing alternatives to
the use of fossil fuels.
A fossil fuel is a non-renewable energy
resource; it cannot be replaced as
quickly as it is used.
 Renewable energy resources can be
replaced quickly or not be used up at all.
Important renewable energy resources
are wind, solar, tidal, hydroelectric,
biomass, and geothermal.
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4.3 Identifying the transfer of
energy by conduction,
convection, and radiation.
Heat is transferred to objects in three
ways: conduction, convection, and
radiation.
 Conductors are materials that transfer
heat easily.
 Insulators are materials that do not
transfer heat easily.
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Vocabulary…
Energy- the ability to do work
potential energy- energy that is not
in motion.
 kinetic energy- energy in motion
 chemical energy- that part of the
energy in a substance that can be released
by a chemical reaction.
 thermal energy- the exertion of
power that is created by heat, or the
increase in temperature.
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More vocabulary…
mechanical energy- A combination of kinetic and
potential energy resulting from the force of gravity or the
movement or release of a machine component, such as a
spring, clamp, or wheel.
 light energy- Light energy is the only visible form
of energy. Light energy is the energy produced or
given off directly from the sun causing the growth of
plants and the existence of most life forms.
 sound energy- Sound energy is energy produced
by sound vibrations. Sound vibrations cause waves of
pressure. These waves lead to some level of
compression and refraction through which the waves
travel. So, sound energy is a form of mechanical
energy
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Vocabulary continued…
electrical energy- energy made available
by the flow of electric charge through a
conductor
 stored mechanical energy- (stored
energy of position).
 Fuel- is any material that stores energy that
can later be extracted to perform
mechanical work in a controlled manner.
 fossil fuel- hydrocarbons, primarily coal,
fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the
remains of dead plants and animals.
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Vocabulary…
geothermal energy- is thermal energy
generated and stored in the Earth.
 solar energy- The radiant energy emitted
by the Sun. Energy derived from the Sun's
radiation.
 hydroelectric energy- Generating
electricity by conversion of the energy of
running water.
 heat transfer- the transfer of thermal
energy from one physical system to another.
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Vocabulary…
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conduction- the transfer of thermal
energy through matter
convection- the movement of molecules
within fluids (i.e. liquids, gases) and rheids. It
cannot take place in solids, since neither
bulk current flows nor significant diffusion
can take place in solids.
radiation- energy that comes from a
source and travels through some material or
through space. Light, heat and sound are
types of radiation.
Vocabulary continued…
insulator- A material or an object that
does not easily allow heat, electricity, light,
or sound to pass through it
 conductor- Any of various substances
that allow the flow of electric current or
thermal energy. A conductor is a poor
insulator because it has a low resistance
to such flow.
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ACOS 10.0
Identify spheres of the Earth,
including the geosphere,
atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
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all spheres are interacting and in a
constant state of change.
Earth can be thought of as being made up
of three interacting systems, or spheres:
 the geosphere, or solid portion of the
Earth;
 the hydrosphere, the Earth’s water;
 and the atmosphere, the layers of air
that surround the Earth.
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10.01 Describe technology used
to investigate the Earth.
Scientists use instruments to help them
learn about the Earth’s spheres.
 seismograph- An instrument that
records vibrations in the earth, especially
earthquakes.
 sonar- device used underwater for
locating submerged objects and for
submarine communication by means of
sound waves.
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More Vocabulary…
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radar- system or technique for detecting
the position, movement, and nature of a
remote object by means of radio waves
reflected from its surface.
weather satellites - artificial satellite,
object constructed by humans and placed in
orbit around the earth or other celestial
body (see also space probe). The satellite is
lifted from the earth's surface by a rocket
and, once placed in orbit, maintains its
motion without further
10.02 Describe the rock cycle.
Earth’s rock is always changing.
 Each of the three types of rock can
change into the other.
 Igneous rock is formed from magma,
sedimentary rock forms from layers of
sediment over a period of time.
 Metamorphic rock forms when igneous
or sedimentary rock undergo a change
from heat, pressure, and time.
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Vocabulary…
geosphere- The solid mass of earth, as distinct
from the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The
lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere combined.
 hydrosphere- Discontinuous layer of water at or
near the Earth's surface. It includes all liquid and
frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil and
rock, and atmospheric water vapor.
 atmosphere- the mixture of gases surrounding a
celestial body with sufficient gravity to maintain it.
 troposphere- extends upward from the earth to a
height of about 5 mi (8.1 km) at the poles, to about 7
mi (11.3 km) in mid-latitudes, and to about 10 mi
(16.1 km) at the equator.
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weather- state of the atmosphere at a
given time and place with regard to
temperature, air pressure, barometer ,
instrument for measuring atmospheric
pressure.
 water cycle- the circulation of the
earth's water, in which water evaporates
from the sea into the atmosphere, where
it condenses and falls as rain or snow,
returning to the sea by rivers or returning
to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration
(see note)
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sedimentary rock- Sedimentary rocks are
formed by sediment that is deposited over
time, usually as layers at the bottom of lakes
and oceans. This sediment can include
minerals, small pieces of plants and other
organic matter. The sediment is compressed
over a long period of time before
consolidating into solid layers of rock.
metamorphic rock- Metamorphic rocks
can be formed by pressure deep under the
Earth's surface, from the extreme heat
caused by magma or by the intense collisions
and friction of tectonic plates.
Vocabulary…
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rock cycle- The interrelated sequence of
events by which rocks are initially formed,
altered, destroyed, and reformed as a result
of magmatism, erosion, sedimentation, and
metamorphism.
igneous rock- originates from the cooling
and solidification of molten matter from the
earth's interior. If the rock is formed on the
earth's surface (i.e., from the solidification of
lava), it is called extrusive rock; igneous rock
that has cooled and solidified slowly beneath
the earth's surface is intrusive rock.
The Rock Cycle
Earth’s first layer consists of about 1o
miles of rock and loose materials,
scientists call the crust. Underneath
the continents, the crust is almost three
times as thick, as it is under the oceans.
mantle- extends to a depth of approximately 1,800
miles, and is made of a thick solid rocky substance
that represents about 85% of the total weight and
mass of the Earth. The first 50 miles of the mantle
are believed to consist of very hard rigid rock.
Mantle continued….
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The next 150 miles or so is believed to
be super-heated solid rock, that due to
the heat energy is very weak. Below that
for the next several hundred miles, the
Earth's mantle is believed to once again
be made up of very solid and sturdy rock
materials.
Traveling still deeper within the Earth, we next would
encounter the Earth’s outer core, which extends to a
depth of around 3000 miles beneath the surface. It is
believed that this outer core is made up of super-heated
liquid molten lava. This lava is believed to be mostly iron
and nickel.
Finally, we would reach the Earth’s inner core.
The inner core extends another 900 miles inward
towards the center of the Earth. It is believed that
this inner core is a solid ball of mostly iron and
nickel.
ACOS 11.0
Compare distances from the
sun to planets in the solar
system.
What are the planets in our solar system?
 What are the inner and outer planets?
 How do the inner and outer planets
compare?
 What are some scientific tools used to
investigate our solar system?
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Our solar system contains eight planets,
some with moons, an asteroid belt, and
dwarf planets.
 The planets in our solar system can be
classified as inner planets and outer
planets based on their distance from the
sun and their distance from each other.
 Mercury,Venus, Earth, and Mars are
the inner planets. Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune are the outer
planets. Pluto is considered a dwarf planet.
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11.1 Relate the size of Earth to
the size of other planets in our
solar system.
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The Earth is classified as one of the inner
planets.
It is smaller than the outer planets and of
similar size to the remaining inner planets.
The inner planets are smaller, rocky, have
no orbiting rings, few moons, and are closer
to each other.
The outer planets are larger, have rings,
more moons, and are farther apart.
The eight planets that orbit the sun are (in order
from the sun): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Another large body is
Pluto, now classified as a dwarf planet or
plutoid. A belt of asteroids (minor planets made
of rock and metal) lies between Mars and Jupiter.
11.2 Identify technology
used to study planets.
Scientists use a variety of equipment to help them
collect data and explore our solar system.
 space probe- is a scientific space exploration
mission in which a spacecraft leaves Earth and
explores space. It may approach the Moon; enter
interplanetary space; flyby, orbit or land on other
planetary bodies; or approach interstellar space.
 spacecraft- is a vehicle, vessel or machine designed
to fly in space. Spacecraft are used for a variety of
purposes, including communications, earth
observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary
exploration and transportation of humans and cargo.
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Space Probes
Space Craft…
satellite- is an object which has been
placed into orbit by human endeavor. Such
objects are sometimes called artificial
satellites to distinguish them from
natural satellites such as the Moon.
 telescopes- is an instrument that aids in
the observation of remote objects by
collecting electromagnetic radiation (such
as visible light).
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Satellites…
Telescope…
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Hubble Space Telescope- is a space
telescope that was carried into orbit by a
space shuttle in 1990 and remains in
operation. Hubble's orbit outside the
distortion of Earth's atmosphere allows it to
take extremely sharp images with almost no
background light.
International Space Station- is a
habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit.
It follows the Salyut, Almaz, Skylab and Mir
stations as the ninth space station to be
inhabited.
International Space Station…
Vocabulary…
solar system- consists of the Sun and its planetary
system of eight planets, their moons, and other nonstellar objects. It formed 4.6 billion years ago from the
collapse of a giant molecular cloud. The vast majority of
the system's mass is in the Sun, with most of the
remaining mass contained in Jupiter.
 planet- is a celestial body orbiting a star or stellar
remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its
own gravity.
 star- is a massive, luminous sphere of plasma held
together by gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun,
which is the source of most of the energy on the planet.
 moon- is the only natural satellite of the Earth,and the
fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest
natural satellite of a planet in the Solar System.
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Each orbit by a member of the solar
system is its revolution. A revolution is also
called a year. The Earth takes 365.25 day
to revolve around the sun. It is during
this year or revolution that brings Earth
it’s seasons.
axis- A straight line about which a body
or geometric object rotates or may be
conceived to rotate.
 inner planets- Any of the four planets,
Mercury,Venus, Earth, and Mars, whose
orbits are closest to the sun.
 outer planets- Any of the four planets,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, with
orbits outside that of Mars.
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