http://www.google.co.kr/imglanding?q=timbuktu%20map&imgurl=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2008/07/timbuktu.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/8813&usg=__UMooqIhhUyEktk9A9f9ggZxk3jw
=&h=868&w=1141&sz=145&hl=ko&itbs=1&tbnid=iowWPLpgTx9ozM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtimbuktu%2Bmap%26hl%3Dko%26newwindow%3D1%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&newwindow=1&gbv= http://www.google.co.kr/imglanding?q=timbuktu%20map&imgurl=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2008/07/timbuktu.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/8813&usg=__UMooqIhhUyEktk9A9f9ggZxk3jw=&h=868&w=1141&sz
=145&hl=ko&itbs=1&tbnid=iowWPLpgTx9ozM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtimbuktu%2Bmap%26hl%3Dko%26newwindow%3D1%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&newwindow=1&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1&start=2#tbnid=NlErjNkNJ93iDM
&start=7

• Mansa Musa’s Support
• By Traders
– Muhammad Askia (Spodek p.366)
– Sub-Saharan, Caravans, Berber, Arab traders
– Good Trade Relations
• Intellectual Exploration
– Religious Studies
– Literature prosperity
– Education Organizations

• Trade Center
– Gold, ivory, salt, animal skin, and slaves
• (Barron’s AP World History 3 rd Edition, p.138)
• Studying Center
– Islamic scholars
– Oral storytelling and song making

- Acted as an one end of the Silk Road  Major trading center  cosmopolitan
- The capital of Sui, Tang Dynasty  One of the biggest cities
- Biggest city in China since Han dynasty
- Cultural influence to near regions  Kyoto
- Political significance: legitimacy, much is lost since the 5 Dynasties & 10
Kingdoms period

-
The recession of Chang’an  Rebellions
-- An Shi Rebellion
-- Huang Chao rebellion
- Not selected to become a capital of any countries.
-- Corresponds to the decline of the Silk Roads

Venice
Venice: An island city, the greatest seaport in late medieval
Europe and its commercial and cultural link with Asia, Venice is unique environmentally, architecturally, and historically.

Venice
“Immensely wealthy Italian city-state of the
Medival period”
Significance
Cultural
-Venice was influenced by many regions
-”Myth of Venice”
-Influence from other regions
*Palace, Church
Significance
Political
-Political structure – patriciate governs
-The commune: Republic

Venice
Significance
Economical
-Maritime trade: the major hub of Mediterranean trade
-End of 10 th century, Venice : most economically developed city in
Italy.
-Trade conflicts
-14 th and 15 th , Venice : Golden age (influenced by Crusades)
Decline of Venice
-Under Francesco Foscari
*Crusade: A series of Christian holy wars conducted against infidels.
Relationship between Byzantine Empire (330–1453)

golden age of church
• 7 th century~ early 9 th century :
Grew dramatically
-Charlemagne
-Vigorous buildings
• Late 9 th ~mid 11 th : uneasy peace between papacy and
Nobility  dispute
• 11 th ~12 th C : golden age
-rule state throughout Europe
-many pilgrims  gifts… flow money
Conflicts btw nobility and pope
Conflicts
• Republican constitution survived both papal and imperial rule  pope large cash payment to senators
• pope Innocent tried to secure pope’s position  conflict with
Orsini.
• Innocent cherish to Roman. Roman supports for a while
• Tax problem: resurgence, more, severe
Collapse
• Lost reforming zeal from people
• Royal power grew
• France tries to arrests the pope  pope dies

Avignon Papacy
• cardinal divided: pro, anti-Bonifacian
-elect archbishop, they made pope more vulnerable
• make pope refuge -Establish papal curia in Avignon
-Establish loyal faction
• Controlled by France –France appoint pope and clergies
-Pope followed what France says
Try to Go Back
• After one of effective (clement) archbishop dies: cardinals deeply divided - go back to Rome or not
• Pope John XXII : forceful – feud stops for a while
- tried to go back Italy sent subordinates -Emperor of Italy against
Failed -France and archbishops didn’t agree
-John’s death: pope decline
-Hundred Years’ War

Great Schism
• Pope Gregory returns from Avignon (1377)
• France oppose: elect new one  two groups meet and elect new pope:
3 popes  schism
• Popes abdicate (1415~1417) elect new (1417)
:schism ended but pope’s power hit the floor
In This Period
• spread of heresy
• collapse of priests
• Black Death: corrupted church
Influences:
• secular government grow
• people started to refuse the religion  climate of Protestant
Reformation

• Center of religion
• Birth of Muhammad
• Prominent role in worship: Ka’aba
• Five Pillars: Pilgrimage t o Mecca
• Umma: community of believers
Ka’aba in Mecca

• Islamic trade center
• Silk Road
• Economic benefits to
Quraysh tribes

• Muhammad’s return to Mecca
• Muhammad’s power
• Legitimacy

•
: Constitution of Medin a
• Migrated to
Medina in 622 C.E
• Diverse than
Mecca : Jews,
Muslims, idolaters.
Prophet’s Mosque http://insearchofsimplicity.com/sample-chapters
/

• Not an obligatory part of the pilgrimage
• Visit purpose of ous visit.
ziyara , pi
• capture the early history of the prayer ritual, also strengthen the believer’s resolve and commitment to these practice.
• Political leadership http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/saudi_arabia/images/medina_mosque_01_V_500.jpg

In
1220
,
Genghis
Khan moves capital from
Avarga to
Karakorum
After
• Ogedei Khan erects permanent political structures abandon by
Kublai Khan
Mongol
Empire’s political, cultural, economic capital for 40 years
(
1266
), destroyed by vengeful
Manchurian soldiers in
1388
• Has temples of all the major religions …
(Primary document by
William of Rubruck)
• Housed workmen from around the empire (French
Goldsmith)

• Mongol Conquest centers

• Exploration  Spread of knowledge, though slow
• Slave Trade (13C, slaves sold at Karakorum) 
Ethnic diversity, larger workforce
• Commercial Trade  Trade w. China, Southeast
Asia, Middle East increases
Urbanization
Population
Growth
Increased
Trade
Greater
Diversity

Samarkand

Before this time period: already developed; had been capital of kingdom, influenced by
Alexander the
Great etc.
9th-10th C:
Samanids of Iran
Early 13th C: annexed by
Khwarexm-
Shah
8th C: Arab 11th-13th C: various
Turkic ppl
Growth during 600 – 1450
1220: destroyed by
Genghis Khan
1365: capital of
Timur
Empire

• Culture
– reflects multi-ethnicity: Turks, Persians,
Arabs, Mongols
– Architecture
– Garden Making
– Samarkand Rug
• Center of Islamic learning
– Patronized Turkish as a literary language
– Poetry, literature
– Scholars
• Al Samarkandi – medicine, astronomy, philosophy, theology, logic
• Uluh Beg – astronomy, math
Persian
+ Turkic
Islam/
Arabic
Mongol
Samarkand

• Capital city of the
Abbasid dynasty
– Architecture
– Arts
– Cultures
– Finance
– Markets/Trades
– Education
– Science/technology
• Religious center
• Military character
• Commercial activities
Abbasid Palace(late 12 th /early 13 th
C)

• Founded in 762 as the capital of the
Abbasid dynasty
– Most significant cultural centre of Arab and
Islamic civilization
– Symbol of Muslim culture and achievement
• Economically developed metropolis
– Juncture of the land and water trade routes
• Mongol invasion in 1258 C.E
• Became local center of the Mongol Empire

• It is now the capital of Syria.
• It was the capital of the Islamic
Caliphate.
• Known as the oldest inhabited city.

• Cultural Growth
-The Great Mosque
-Easy communication
• Economic growth
-Trade

• Capital of
Umayyad
- Centre of
Culture and
Trade
• Crusade

• Slavs established their own settlement on a hill and was named for Kiy.
• Kiev was not based on agriculture. Therefore, trade was occurred along the Dniper river. Trade also went to the Caspian Sea and Central Asia
• Kiev established diplomatic relations with Byzantium,
England, France, Sweden, and other countries.
• Decline: in late 12 th century, the power of the city had declined. In 1238, Genghis Khan invaded Rus and conquered the towns of central Russia. Much of the city was destroyed and the most of its population killed

• The introduction of Christianity to Kiev enhanced its significance as the spiritual center of Russia.
• The city’s wealth and religious importance was attested to by its more than 400 churches.
• In 957, Princess Olga of Kiev converted to Byz.
Christianity
• Her grandson(valdimir) 980CE convert to orthodoxy
• Artistic tradition of icon painting, Byzantine style architecture, monasticism religious education, legal principles and other patterns of thought
• The Cathedral of St. Sophia

-
-
Oblast , western Russia
South : Oka River, Moskva River
Southeast: plain drops to the
Meshchera Lowland
Northern Edge: Central
Russoan Upland
-Capital city of the Russian
Federation
- important center in 14 th century

• 15 th century
• After the fall of
Constantinople to the Turks (1453),  regarded as the
“Third Rome”
• Integrating modern technology, eagle symbols, the work of going back to Rome

- after Chinggis’s death
1227
- Four sons continued their expansions
- Along the lands, they entered Russia, and took Moscow  Kiev
• Russia began to take its modern form
- After Ivan III (r. 1462-
1505)

• Located along the Nile
• The Largest City of Africa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/21/mideast.wrap/egypt.cairo.map.lg.jpg

• The Most Important Religious
Icons of Cairo (640CE, Amr ibn al-A)
• Mosque of Ibn Tulun
• Reaching its zenith under
Mamluk’s control in 14 th C
• Economy started to decline since 15 th C
• King of Kanem converted to
Islam constructed a religious school in Cairo.
– Expansion of Fatimid Rulers to begin their administration in
Fustat.
– Economic Inflation – Mansa
Musa
–
– one of the world’s great trade centers sheltered a very significant
Jewish community
– Created a religiously important societies in N.
Africa
Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World I (Pg. 115~116)
Spodek: World History, 3 rd Edition

[Northern India]
Climate/Region  Dryness, Hot summer/Hillside
-Fruit (neem, jaman, sissoo)  increase of population sissoo
-animals (wild boar, & monkey)  increase of pop
-Increase of pop  urbanization  Qutb Mibnar
Interaction of SR & IOR neem
-Important city for other markets (ECON)
Wild boar
-Indo-Muslim  role of spreading Muslim?
(REL) -Pashtun style (1193-1320) e.x) Quwat-ul-Islam mosque
The Qutb Mibnar
Tomb of Iltutmish
Alai Gate

Politics
1. Tomar dynasty (736) – Lal Kot
-inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi
-given by Vibudh Shridhar
-learning eloquent language
2.Lal kot’s  Qila Rai Pithora
(Chauhan King of Ajmer conquer 1180)
3. Delhi Sultanate (1206) (Under the Slave Dyansty)
1 st Sultan  Qutb-ud-din Aybak (former slave  become a general
4. Helding power (After SLAVE DYNASTY)
Khilji dynasty  Tughluq dynasty  Sayyid dynasty  Lodi dynasty
5. Timur Lenk (1398) invade (too tolerant of their Hindu)

Trade
• Food, jewelry mainly traded
• Significant amount of trade->network, transportation
• Used canoes and boats for transportation
• A lot of merchants but under strict control
• Merchant trade: pochta

• Religious: a lot of sacrifice needed
• A lot of temples, rituals
• Military: main purpose->gain slaves for sacrifice
• Soldiers had a lot of decoration
• Peasants were in companion in battles

City in S-eastern Peru, near the
Urubamba Valley of the Andes
Mountain range-capital of the
Cusco Region
In the time per. of 600-1450, history of growth and role of
Cuzco starts from 1200 as a capital of Inca Empire.

Extensive Conquest and
Ruling Techniques
-Starts to form a form of a nations and kingdoms with a variety of cultures
-Conquered the whole Southern America
-Unites the whole continent.
-Integration of Religious and Forceful
Authority with Political Control = Using three ways to rule
Architecture
Machu Picchu Sacsayhuaman
Fortress with precise stone tech
Religious growth
-Emergence of Sun Temples
-integrates religion into a way of ruling
Infrastructural Growth
-Unification of roads and bridges
-Public Temples and Fortresses

Role
1.Central Force and Authority
2. Firmly sets religious principles that are built on people’s mind
3. Infrastructure
However, b/c of extensive conquest and warfare, Cuzco takes a role of a division of power between the Cuzcos and Kitos (each powers)

• Upper inland Niger
Delta of the middle
Niger
• Groups from the
Serer, Soninke of
Mali, moved to
Jenne-Jeno
• Flood plain suited for rice, sorghum, and millet

• Important city for trans-Saharan trade
• Reached the peak between 450-1100CE.
(maximum area of 100 acres in 850 CE)
• Islamic influences as the climate became dryer
• Decline 1200-1400CE
-ghost town by 1400CE