Chapter 18
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Define dixiecrats, capitalism, communism, democracy, totalitarianism, cold war, containment
Identify Fair Deal, Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift, NATO, Iron Curtain Speech, George F. Kennan, Truman Doctrine,
brinksmanship, hydrogen bomb, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles, MAD, CIA, Warsaw Pact, Eisenhower
Doctrine, Nikita Khrushchev, ICBM, Sputnik, Vanguard, National Defense Education Act, National Defense
Highway Act, NASA, Alan Shephard, Jr., John Glenn, Jr., NSC-68, 38th parallel, Syngman Rhee, Kim Sung, Pusan
Perimeter, Inchon, Matthew Ridgeway, FBI, HUAC, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Alger Hiss, pumpkin papers,
Hollywood Ten, blacklist, friendly witnesses, 5th Amendment, communists, Dalton Trumbo, Elia Kazan, McCarran
Act, Joseph McCarthy
List and describe the 3 worlds
List the four policy foundations of containment
Explain the stronghold and perimeter defense
Explain the symmetrical and asymmetrical responses
Explain what happened in Iran and Guatemala
Explain the open skies proposal
Explain the US interest in China
List the three issues of the U-2 incident
Explain what happened @ Wake Island meeting between MacArthur and Truman
Explain why Korean War started
Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts
The Truman Years, 1945-53
Truman and the New Deal Agenda
21 Point program:
expansion of
1946 Republicans take Congress
attack the
Truman’s political strategy:
Makes it a public relations fight
Republican Animosity
Taft – Hartley Act, 1947 –
Election of 1948
“Dixiecrats –
Republicans – Thomas Dewey – very
HST strategy –
Being obstructionist, plus
Truman wins 24 million votes to 22 million votes
The Fair Deal
Far reaching domestic agenda –
Post War America
Communism, containment, and cold war
Communism –
Communism v. Capitalism (economic)
Capitalism –
Communism –
Democracy v. Totalitarianism (political)
Democracy –
Totalitarianism –
Cold War
What is it? –
Sources of conflict
1.
Soviets in E. Europe –
2.
Instability in Third World –
First world –
Second world –
Third world –
3.
Atomic Age and Diplomacy –
Early conflicts
Marshall Plan, 1948 –
Help them rebuild,
Berlin Airlift, 1948-9 –
Test of Allies’
Stalin backs down –
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949 –
U.S. and 11 other nations
Major Events in US
1946 – Winston Churchill – Iron Curtain speech
1946 – George F. Kennan –
Containment- “Long Telegram” – 1.
2.
US job is to
Result:
1947 – Truman Doctrine –
1947 – National Security Act of 1947 –
Operationalizing Containment
Not a military policy
Four policy foundations
1.
disagreements –
2.
concessions –
3.
US military –
4.
Negotiations –
Goals of containment
1.
restore balance of power
2.
reduce SU ability to project influence
3.
long term “behavior modifications”
How does it work?
Stronghold v. Perimeter defense
Stronghold –
Centers:
Perimeter –
Asymmetrical v. Symmetrical response
Symmetrical –
Asymmetrical –
On the Edge
Race for the H-bomb
Atomic bomb –
Hydrogen bomb (thermonuclear) –
67 times
Soviet A-bombs
Take away American advantage
U.S. needed to
1952 –
10 times more
1953 Soviets duplicate
Brinkmanship
1952 – Dwight D. Eisenhower
Secretary of StateCompromise
New foreign policy
MAD –
Great dependence on nukes and planes –
Soviet response –
Cold War Spreads
CIA – Central Intelligence Agency –
Covert actions (secret operations) –
Middle East and Latin America
1951 – Iran –
Western nations
Economy plummets
1953 – CIA persuades the Shah of Iran (monarch)
1954 – Guatemala –
CIA trained army
Geneva Summit
1953 –
Soviets recognize
1955 – West Germany
Warsaw Pact –
1955 – Geneva, Switzerland
U.S. –
SU/US allow flights over each other’s territories
Summit really accomplishes little, but “spirit of Geneva”
Crisis in the Middle East
1948 – agree to
1955 – Great Britain help
Nasser (head of Egypt)
Great Britain/ U.S.
Nasser seized Suez Canal
1956 – GB, FR, Israel invaded Egypt
SU threatens to use missiles
War avoided –
1956 – Nikita Khrushchevcriticized Stalin
Soviet prestige increases
1957 – Eisenhower Doctrine
Congress approves it –
Science and Education in the Cold War
U.S. believed military technology better than SU
1957 – SU announce ICBM
October 4, 1957 – SU launches Sputnik I
Possibility of dropping
U.S. feels
Falling behind in
First attempts
National Defense Education Act, 1957:
National Defense Highway Act, 1956:
Increase
1958 – U.S. creates NASA –
U.S. successfully launched
Second satellite:
1961- Soviet Union has the
U.S. – Alan Shepard, Jr.
1962 – John Glenn, Jr. –
1963 – Soviet Union has
1964 – Soviet Union is the first
Why the difference in accomplishments?
Soviet Union
United States
U-2 Incident
CIA –
Plane – U-2 –
Took
Issues: 1. Existence and purpose of flights –
2.
Soviets
3.
Eisenhower
Summit on Arms Race
SU brought down u-2 flight –
US story –
SU –
Francis Gary Powers confesses
US openly admits truth –
Tensions at ultimate high –
Powers criticized for not
Cold War Heats Up
Soviets explode bomb, 1949
“Fall of China”, 1949 –
US interest –
Mao Tse tung v. Chiang Kai-shek
Mao –
Chiang –
US fear –
NSC- 68, 1950
Document by National Security Council (UN)
Recommendations:
Options: 1. Continue
2.
revert
3.
wage
4.
increase
want to move towards
increase spending
HST very skeptical – policy hard to sell to the public, but…
Korean Conflict, 1950-3
38th parallel –
Syngman Rhee v. Kim Sung
Rhee –
Sung –
June 25, 1950: “Pusan Perimeter”
U.S. and allies pushed
Soft occupation duty
Douglas MacArthur –
Goal:
Inchon, September, 1950
Battle plan:
Inchon importance:
Attack plan:
Then
MacArthur invades with an amphibious invasion
Why?
cuts off
Successful:
New Goal:
From
MacArthur becomes a hero
MacArthur presses on to the Yalu River
Chinese reaction: warns
Chinese help NK
Douglas MacArthur v. Truman
Meet at Wake Island –
MacArthur threatens China
200,000
MacArthur wants authority
Truman fears widening the war –
MacArthur issues own statement
MacArthur is fired for
Goal changes:
Results: 1952 – peace talks stalled –
1953 – Armistice signed –
war ends where it began:
Armistice nominally still in effect –
Tally: 36,576 U.S. troops killed
8142 Missing in Action
2 million Koreans (NK and SK estimated)
1.5 million Koreans civilians estimated
20 billion dollars spent
75 million tons of material used
3.3 million tons of ammunition
Red Scare and McCarthyism
Fear of internal communist subversion
Federal Loyalty Review Program, 1947
Finding disloyalty to US government
4.7 million
350-500
2500 questioned
Attorney General’s List, 1947
Creates list of subversive organizations
FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation: (J. Edgar Hoover) in charge of investigations
2
cases
Whittaker Chambers – Alger Hiss, 1948
Chambers accused of subversion
Pumpkin papers Documents typed
Hiss defense –
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, 1953
Klaus Fuchs admitted
Inconclusive evidence –
but they
First Americans
Execution:
David Greenglass confessed in
Children – two sons,
House Un-American Activities Committee, 1945-53 (HUAC)
One of several organizations
Changes its focus to Hollywood
“Hollywood Ten” –
Blacklist –
Hard to
Friendly witnesses –
Fifth Amendment communists –
Dalton Trumbo –
Elia Kazan –
McCarran Act, 1950 (Internal Security Act)
Supported by
Registration requirement
McCarthyism, 1950-4
Senator Joseph McCarthy – Wisconsin (R),
War Hero,
a nobody until 1950,
Wheeling, WV:
claims to have a list
continually changes facts and figures
attempts to discredit his critics
End of McCarthyism, 1954
Accuses President Eisenhower and US Army