Ch. 19 (Sec. 1 & 4) & Ch. 20
The Industrial Revolution
I. Stages of Ind. Rev.
1. England 1750 – 1850
textiles, railroads, iron & coal
2. Western Europe & USA 1850 - 1914
steel, chemicals, electricity, & oil
Industrialization dev. of machine production of goods
A. Beginnings of Ind. Rev.
1. Agricultural Rev. 1700's
a. Charles Townshend “Turnip” 1730’s
Crop Rotation replace nutrients in soil
ex. wheat / turnips
b. Gentlemen Farmers: New farm machines
Jethro Tull seed drill & cultivator 1752
Robert Ransome Iron Plow 1785
Cyrus McCormick mechanical reaper / harvest grain
c. Enclosure Movement
fencing off public land *large scale farming
tenant farmers move to city - new labor force
new crop experimentation
d. populations grow (more food) - diet & health improved
B. Characteristics of Ind. Rev.
1. technology *machines replaced manpower
2. power sources changed ex. water to steam
3. factories developed
4. factory workers replaced skilled artisans
5. capitalists invest $$$$
6. transportation dev.
7. cities grew population for work force
C. England: “Workshop of the World”
Manchester, Eng. “Cottonopolis”
*1st major industrial city
Factors lead to start of Ind. Rev. in England:
1. Factors of Production
resources needed for industrialization
a. Natural Resources
land, coal, iron ore, water power, harbors
b. labor supply of workers
c. Capital $ to invest in business
entrepreneurs willing to invest in business
2. Management administrative skills
3. Government support laws aid & protect business
4. Transportation system
5. Large markets for English products
“Sun never set on British Empire”
D. Textile Industry: cotton, linen, & wool
1st industry to mechanize automatic machinery
New Inventions:
1. Flying shuttle John Kay 1733
sped up weaving process
John Kay escaping
from his home in
1753 after being
attacked by
local textile workers.
2. Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves 1764
*multi-spool spinning wheel
sped up spinning process
3. Power Loom Edward Cartwright 1769
water powered spindles - 200 times more cloth
4. Richard Arkwright Woolpack Lane *1st Factory
Nottingham, Eng.
5. Factory System *workers & machines brought together
cottage industry working at home - inefficient
6. Cotton Gin Eli Whitney 1793
increased supply of cotton *key to textile industry
*USA cotton producing center
England imported millions of pounds from USA
ex. 1701 1 mil. - 1802 60 mil - 1830 280 mil.
E. Power Sources:
1. Steam Engines Thomas Newcomen 1712
*1st steam engine pump water out coal mines
James Watt “The Godfather of Ind. Rev.”
*modern steam engine 1760
horsepower
*steam powered Ind. Rev.
2. Iron & coal *major raw materials of Ind. Rev.
Henry Cort puddling removing impurities in crude iron
Steel iron with impurities removed
Bessemer Process Henry Bessemer 1850
blasts of cold air blown through heated
iron to remove impurities
manufacture steel cheaper ex. $200 a ton / $4 a ton
Bessemer converter, a blast of high-pressure air oxidizes
impurities in molten iron and converts it to steel.
F. Transportation Revolution
1. John McAdam McAdam Roads 1816
road made of crushed stones
turnpikes *tollgates to travel on
2. George Stephenson Rocket 1829
*1st Locomotive steam power ran on iron rails
Liverpool to Manchester 16 miles per hour
George Stephenson of the Liverpool and Manchester railway in 1829, the Rocket
was the winner in the Rainhill trials—a competition sponsored by the railway to
obtain a locomotive for carrying both passengers and freight. It pulled a load of
three times its own weight at the rate of 20 km/hr (12.5 mph) and hauled a coach
filled with passengers at 39 km/hr (24 mph).
3. Automobiles:
Gottlieb Daimler *internal combustion engine 1885
*1st 4 wheel auto 1886
“Nothing but the best!” *motto
The first motorcycle (1885)
Karl Benz Motorwagen *1st commercial Auto. 1886
Among other things, he invented the speed regulation system known also as an accelerator,
ignition using sparks from a battery, the spark plug, the clutch, the gear shift, the water
radiator, and the carburetor.[1]
Karl Benz's
"Velo", 1894.
Merger of Karl Benz's
and Gottlieb Daimler's
companies into the
Daimler-Benz
company. 1881
Rudolf Diesel diesel engine powered larger vehicles
4. Robert Fulton The Clermont *1st steamboat 1807
5. Orville & Wilbur Wright *1st airplane 1903
Wright Brothers
First Flight
On December 17,
1903, two brothers
from Dayton, Ohio,
named Wilbur and
Orville Wright, were
successful in flying
an airplane they
built. Their powered
aircraft flew for 12
seconds above the
sand dunes of Kitty
Hawk, North
Carolina, making
them the first men
to pilot a heavierthan-air machine
that took off on its
own power,
remained under
control, and
sustained flight.
National Air and Space Museum. The original plane that made the first powered flight.
G. Advances in Science & Tech.
1. Alexandro Volta *1st electric battery 1800
2. Michael Faraday *electric generator Dynamo 1831
3. Samuel Morse *telegraph 1837
Samuel Morse Telegraph Receiver
Used to receive the message, "What
hath God wrought"
during the demonstration to
Congress in 1844.
Smithsonian National Museum of
American History
4. Cyrus Field 1866
Trans Atlantic Cable linked USA & England
5. Alexander Graham Bell *telephone 1876
Alexander Graham Bell
makes the ceremonial call to open
telephone service between New York
and Chicago, Oct. 18, 1892.
6. Thomas Edison “The Wizard of Menlo Park”
lightbulb 1879
7. Guglielmo Marconi wireless telegraph Radio 1901
radio waves across Atlantic
H. New Methods of Production
1. Factory System
*division of labor
dividing manufacturing process - series of stages
2. Interchangeable parts - Eli Whitney guns
3. Mass production
manufacturing large numbers of items exactly alike
Henry Ford Assembly Line 1908
Ford Model T “Tin Lizy”
I. Financing Industrial Growth
1. Corporations (body of people)
business owned by many investors *stockholders
A bond issued by the Dutch East India
Company, dating from 1623.
2. Monopoly *total control of market particular product
ex. Standard Oil Co. John D. Rockefeller
“WHAT A FUNNY LITTLE
GOVERNMENT.” Horace
Taylor drew this political
cartoon of John D.
Rockefeller holding the
White House and Treasury
department in the palm of
his hand for the
September 25, 1899 issue
of The Verdict. Notice the
smoke from the United
States Capitol in the
background? It has
essentially become an oil
refinery, itself
demonstrating the power
big business held over
government.
3. Investment banks Rothschild’s of Paris 1812
complex international economy
James Mayer de Rothschild
J. Effects of Industrialization:
1. Population Explosion
1750 Europe 140 mil. people
1850 " 260 " "
1914 " 463 " "
An Essay on the Principles of Population
Thomas Malthus 1798
*increase in population cause food supply to run out
*overpopulation causes poverty
reasons for population growth:
decrease death rate
fewer diseases
better nutrition
medical advancements
increase in birth rates
married younger
factory work
2. Urbanization *growth of cities:
factory work *greatest cause of city growth
ex. England 1800 10% people lived in city -1921 80%
problems of city life:
poverty
hunger
disease no sanitation
slums poor housing
crime
Sir Robert Peel *1st modern police force *London 1829
“Bobbies” or “Peelers”
3. factory work:
wages low unskilled work
long hours 12 to 16 a day / 6 days a week
child labor age 5 & up
female labor
dangerous work no compensation
4. Industrial Capitalism
*economic system based on industrial production
new social structure:
middle class expanded
factory owners, mine owners, bankers, & merchants
white collar workers managers – accountants
blue collar workers factory workers lowest rank in society
K. Responses to Ind. Rev.
1. Labor Unions *1st called workers assoc. *1st outlawed
reforms demanded:
better wages
shorter hours
safer working conditions
unemployment insurance
child labor laws
Strike refusal to work
*greatest tool workers used to gain rights
2. Labor reform laws:
Factory Act limited length of working day 1833
children / 8 hours a day
Mines Act *barred women from working in mines 1842
13 minimum age for boys work in mines
Ten Hours Act 10 hr. work day 1874
II. Intellectual Developments:
A. Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species 1859
*theory of evolution
organic evolution
plants & animals evolved simpler life forms
natural selection
some organisms more adaptable to their
environment than others
Darwin’s illustrations of beak variation in
the finches of the Galápagos Islands, which
hold 13 closely related species that differ
most markedly in the shape of their beaks.
The beak of each species is suited to its
preferred food, suggesting that beak
shapes evolved by natural selection.
HMS Beagle 1831
British ship Darwin sailed around world
exploring worlds plants & animals
The Descent of Man 1871
traced human evolution from animal
B. Herbert Spencer *Darwin’s assistant
Social Darwinism
applied Darwin’s Theory’s to human social interaction
“survival of the fittest” *phrase coined by Spencer
C. Sigmund Freud The Interpretation of Dreams 1900
human behavior strongly determined by our unconscious
Id unconscious drives *basic needs & drives
Ego the self
Psychoanalysis
*therapist probes deeply into memory of patient
Freud's famous
couch, in his
London clinic
(after he moved
in 1938 to
Maresfield
Gardens to flee
the Nazis).
Psychology *study of human behavior of an individual
D. Ivan Pavlov Conditioned Response
Classical Conditioning *experiment dogs & bells 1890
One of Pavlov’s dogs with a
surgically implanted cannula
to measure salivation,
Pavlov Museum, 2005
E. Auguste Comte Father of Sociology
Sociology *study of human behavior in groups
F. Albert Einstein “Father of Nuclear Age”
Theory of Relativity E = mc2 1905
space & time are not absolute but relative to the observer
G. Atomic Theory John Dalton
matter is made up of tiny particles called Atoms
H. Marie Curie *radioactive properties of uranium 1898
first person honored with two
Nobel Prizes 1903 & 1911, and
the first female professor at
the University of Paris.
Marie and Pierre Curie
in their laboratory
I. Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto 1848
History series of class struggles :
Industrial Societies oppression continued
Bourgeoisie (Middle Class) *exploited the workers
Proletariat *working class
*revolt against the Bourgeoisie set up a socialist gov.
“Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution.
The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains.
They have a world to win.”
“Working men of all countries unite.” Karl Marx
Socialism *gov. owns & controls means of production
Communism totalitarian gov. controls means of prod. &
dev. classless society
England *Marx believed 1st nation to become communist
Russia *1st communist nation
A map of countries who declared themselves to be socialist states under the
Marxist-Leninist or Maoist definition (in other words, "communist states") at some
point in their history. The map uses present-day borders.
III. New Age of Science
A. Louis Pasteur *discovered Bacteria (Germs)
caused by infectious diseases
pasteurization sterilizing liquids by heating
rabies vaccination
B. Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk 1860
experimented with pea plants
genes *characteristics passed one generation to the next
Genetics *science of heredity
C. Dmitri Mendeleev 1860
Periodic Table of the Elements
IV. Literature of Industrial Period
A. Charles Dickens
Oliver Twist & David Copperfield
life in urban industrial society
B. Frankenstien Mary Shelly
danger of sciences attempt to conquer nature
C. War & Peace Leo Tolstoy
life of Russian peasants & invasion by Napoleon
e
D. Ivanhoe Walter Scott
clashes bt. medieval knights
E. Madame Bovary Gustave Flaubert
critical of small town life in France