Class 16: History of
th
17
C
Ann T. Orlando
22 February 2006
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Outline
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Where things stand politically c. 1600
Unfinished business: the Thirty Year’s War
New Political Models
Gallicanism
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Spanish Empire c. 1600
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Philip II (son of Charles V) died 1598 after
ruling 40 years
Philip III (son of Philip II, r. 1598-1621)
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Philip IV (son of Philip III, r. 1621-1665)
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Puts down revolt against Spanish rule in
Netherlands
Beginning of Thirty Year’s War
End of Thirty Years War
Charles II (son of Philip IV, r. 1665-1700)
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England
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Henry VIII reigned 1509-1547
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Mary I (Bloody Mary, Tudor), daughter of Henry and
Catherine;
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1531 declares himself head of Church
Making her cousin of Emperor Charles V
Returns England to Catholicism as official religion
Marries prince Philip II of Spain (son of Charles V)
Dies 1558
Elizabeth reigns 1558-1603
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Return to Anglicanism
Dies childless
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England 1603-1660
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James I, son of Mary Queen of Scots, succeeds childless Elizabeth
Charles I, James son, reign 1625-1649
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Cromwell and Puritans rule 1649-1660
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Strong believer in Divine Right of Kings
Married a Catholic
Refused to compromise with Parliament over fiscal matters and revolt of
Scotch Presbyterians
King during English Civil War between English aristocracy (Anglicans)
and Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell
Charles I executed 1649
Disbanded official Parliament, and established parliament of saints in
1643
Attempt to implement ‘holy city’ model as in Geneva
Brutal military oppression of Ireland
After Cromwell’s death, Parliament asked king to return to return
legitimacy to government
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England 1660-1700
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Restoration of monarchy, Charles II 1660-1685
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Charles son, James II (1685-1688)
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Exhumed Cromwell’s body, desecrated it and through it into a common pit
Persecution of Puritans
Tolerance of Catholics; alliances with France
Wants to return to Divine Right of Kings
Even more strongly Catholic than Charles II
Has his son baptized by Catholics
William III and Mary II invited from Netherlands to rule England,
Glorious Revolution
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Mary was James’ older Protestant daughter
Married to Prince William of Orange
Reigned 1679-1702
But Parliament retains great power; beginning of King as head of State
rather than head of Government
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France
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th
17
C
Henry IV (r. 1584-1610)
 Edict of Nantes, 1598, granting toleration to Protestants
Louis XIII (r. 1610 – 1643)
 Thirty Years War
Louis XIV (Sun King) reigns 1643-1715
 Becomes King at age 5; real power until older was Cardinal
Richelieu
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Reduced power of nobility, increased power of throne
Encouraged Gallicanism
Absolute Monarch, period of stability and strength
Revives (invents) French culture; Versailles center of France
French Church sees itself as a national Church aligned with
throne
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Holy Roman Empire
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th
17
C
Recall that Emperor is elected by German princes (electors)
Recall that when Charles V resigns,1555, empire split in two
 Austria (including Hungary, southern Catholic German States)
under Ferdinand I
 Spain and Low Countries under Philip II (husband of Mary Tudor)
After Ferdinand, Holy Roman Emperor associated with Hapsburg
rule in Austria
 Catholic
 Much dissent from Protestants in central Europe and Northern
Germany
Although Peace of Augsburg (1555) established cujus regio, ejus
religio (whose reign, his religion)
 Friction continued
 Reduced need for protection against the Turks
Led to Thirty Years War
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Beginning of Thirty Years War
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War is really unfinished business from 16th C
Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II (r.1756-1612)
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Educated in Spain by Jesuits
Issued many pro-Catholic directives
But Emperor weak figure outside of Austria
Rudolph decides to put down small Protestant revolts in Bohemia and
northern Germany, 1608
Bohemians ask Frederick of Palatinate for help; but principality of
Palatinate separated from Bohemia by staunchly Catholic Bavaria
Rudolph successful, but leaves concerns across Europe that a reunited
HRE and Spain could be stronger than ever
In 1625 England, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden join German
Protestant states to form the Protestant League
Rudolph was succeeded by is son, Ferdinand II; France joined Austria
in fight
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Map of Key Battles Thirty Years War
www.rootsweb.com/~wggerman/map/thirtyyear.htm
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Ravages of Thirty Years War
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Very brutal war; attacked civilians as well as soldiers
Thirty Years of War led to destruction of much of
central Europe and northern Germany
Ends in 1648 with Treaty of Westphalia
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Reaffirms Peace of Augsburg
France extended territory to Rhine
Sweden received lands in Baltic
German princes somewhat stronger
Austrian power reduced
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Result of War
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Every country in Europe affected in some
way
Led to disillusionment with religion in general
Begins time of questioning role of religion in
government
Rise of atheism as a viable, allowable belief
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Beginning of Different Models of Political
Theory
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If religion not a good source of political cohesion, then what is
Two answers are developed in 17th C
 Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) developed natural law theory of
relations within and among nations; went back to Roman stoicism
 Bishop Jacques Bossuet (1627-1704) develops divine right of
kings concept; king is God’s vicar on earth; went back to feudal
system
Divine right of kings increasingly becomes answer in France,
Spain, Austria, Sweden
England starts to develop natural law political philosophy (John
Locke)
For the first time can start to really talk about separation of
religion and politics (if not church and state)
Beginning of modern nation states
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Papacy in
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th
17
C
Recall that Trent had affirmed a strong
papacy
But rising nationalism, especially in Catholic
countries where divine right of kings was
gaining support undercut Papal political
authority
Popes in 17th C were not very strong
France refuses to accept much of Trent
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Investiture controversies of Middle Ages revisited
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Gallicanism vs. Ultramontanism
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France over the centuries had a complex relationship to Papacy,
saw herself as the ‘eldest daughter of the Church’
 Pepin Short (8th C)
 Philip the Fair vs Boniface VIII
 Avignon Papacy
 Conciliarism
Henry IV and his successors refused to accept Trent decrees on
Papal appointment of bishops; known a Gallicans
Much of the clergy, thanks to Jesuit education, was in favor of
Trent; Ultramontanes (beyond the mountains)
 Much of the Trent reforms were observed in practice
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Louis XIV vs Pope Innocent XI
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Louis XIV, very strong force in Europe, pressed for even more control
over French bishops under his Divine Right of Kings
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Innocent XI threatened to excommunicate Louis XIV
Louis called Assembly of Clergy, 1681-1682, chaired by Jacques
Bossuet, led to Four Articles
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Church property
Election of Bishops
Pope has no authority over temporal affairs
Reasserted Council of Constance
Papal decrees could only be accepted if accepted by whole Church
Rejected Papal infallibility separate from Pope
After death of Innocent XI in 1689, compromise was reached: Four
Articles not taught in French schools; Pope recognized divine right of
French kings; infallibility side-stepped
Ultramontanism vs Gallicanism will remain a divisive issues in French
Church until Vatican I
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