WHS AP Psychology
Unit 10: Personality
Essential Task 10-2:Compare and contrast
Freud’s psychodynamic theories to the theories
of the other Neo-Freudians (Jung and the
collective unconscious, Adler and the inferiority
complex, Horney and anxiety).
Psychosexual
Stages
Triarchic
Theory
Projective
Objective
Personality
Tests
Freud’s
Theory
Unit 10
Psychodynamic
Personality
Trait Theory
(Big 5)
We are
here
NeoFreudians
Humanistic
Theories
Social
Cognitive
Theory
Jung
Horney
Bandura
Adler
Rogers
Maslow
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
• Freud
• Neo-Freudians
– Carl Jung
– Alfred Adler
– Karen Horney
– Erik Erikson
Carl Jung
• Shared Freud’s emphasis
on unconscious processes
• But libido is all life forces
not just sexual ones
• Unconscious is positive
source of strength
• Development comes to
fruition by middle age
Carl Jung
• Personal unconscious
– That part of the unconscious mind
containing an individuals repressed
thoughts and feelings
• Collective unconscious
– The part of the unconscious that is
inherited and common to all members of
a species
Archetypes – Thought forms or
collective memories
• Examples of archetypes
– Persona
• Our public self
– Anima
• Female archetype as expressed in male personality
– Animus
• Male archetype as expressed in female personality
Archetypes in everyday life.
Attitude/Personality Types
• Extroverts
– Focus on external world and social life
• Introverts
– Focus on internal thoughts and feelings
• Jung felt that everyone had both
qualities, but one is usually dominant
Personality Types
• Rational individuals
– People who regulate their actions through thinking and
feeling
– Rational and logical people who decide on facts
– Acts tactfully and has a balanced sense of values
• Irrational individuals
– People who base their actions on perceptions, either
through their senses or intuition
– Relies on surface perceptions – little imagination
– Beyond the obvious to consider future possibilities
Alfred Adler
• Didn’t see the conflict between
the id and superego
• People have innate positive
motives that make them strive
for personal/social perfection
• The unique mix of personal and
social perfection creates unique
directions and beliefs that
become our style of life
• This emerges by 4 or 5
Alfred Adler
• Compensation
– Our efforts to overcome real or perceived weaknesses
while we strive for that perfection.
• We try to overcome feelings of inferiority
• Inferiority complex
– Fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that can lead
to emotional and social paralysis
• Would focus on our drive toward superiority and
perfection – father of Humanistic Psychology
Karen Horney
• Environmental and social factors
important, especially those we
experience as children
• Viewed anxiety (reaction to real or
imagined dangers) as a powerful
motivating force
• seen as being as important as
unconscious sexual conflict
Karen Horney
• Neurotic trends
– Irrational strategies for coping with emotional
problems and thus minimizing anxiety
– Submission (Moving toward people)
• Feels the need to give in to other and only feels safe when
receiving protection and guidance.
• Friendliness is superficial and masks true resentment
– Aggression (Moving against people)
• Hides inner feelings of insecurity while they lash out
– Detachment (Moving away from people)
• If I withdraw nothing can hurt me
Erik Erikson
• Eight stages of personality
development
– Trust vs. mistrust
– Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
– Initiative vs. guilt
– Industry vs. inferiority
– Identity vs. role confusion
– Intimacy vs. isolation
– Generativity vs. stagnation
– Ego integrity vs. despair
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories
• Culture-bound ideas
– Freud made no connection
between women’s subordinate
status in society and their sense of
inferiority
• Psychodymanic theories are
largely untestable in any
scientific way
• Most of its concepts arise out
of clinical practice, which are
the after-the-fact explanation.
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic
Perspective
Modern Research
1. Personality develops throughout life and is
not fixed in childhood.
2. Freud underemphasized peer influence on
the individual, which may be as powerful
as parental influence.
3. Gender identity may develop before 5-6
years of age.
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic
Perspective
Modern Research
4.
There may be other reasons for
dreams besides wish fulfillment.
5.
Verbal slips can be explained on the
basis of cognitive processing of verbal
choices. (capture effect)
6.
If suppressed sexuality leads to
psychological disorders. Sexual
inhibition has decreased, but
psychological disorders have not.
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic
Perspective
Freud's psychoanalytic theory rests on the
repression of painful experiences into the
unconscious mind.
The majority of children, death camp survivors,
and battle-scarred veterans are unable to
repress painful experiences into their
unconscious mind.
Freud and the Unconscious Mind
Modern research shows the existence
of non-conscious information
processing.
1.
Schemas that automatically control perceptions and
interpretations
2.
Parallel processing during vision and thinking
3.
Implicit memories
4.
Emotions that activate instantly without
consciousness