Memory

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Memory
Lecture 9
Chapter 8
The Phenomenon of Memory
•learning has persisted over time
•our ability to store and retrieve information.
2
Studying Memory:
Information Processing Models
Keyboard
(Encoding)
Disk
(Storage)
Sequential Process
Monitor
(Retrieval)
3
Information Processing
4
Sensory Memory
• Snapshot
• Very detailed
• Lasts a second or less
Sensory memory
S X T
J R S
P K Y
Low Tone
Medium Tone
High Tone
“Recall”
JRS
(100% recall)
50 ms (1/20 second)
6
Short term/Working memory
Ready?
MUTGIKTLRSYP
George Miller
7
Working Memory Duration
8
Long-Term Memory
R.J. Erwin/ Photo Researchers
The Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000 caches of
buried pine seeds during winter and spring.
9
Types of Long-term Memory
10
How does the brain store
memories?
Synaptic Changes
Both Photos: From N. Toni et al., Nature, 402, Nov. 25 1999. Courtesy of Dominique Muller
Long-Term Potentiation
(LTP)
12
Stress Hormones & Memory
Scott Barbour/ Getty Images
13
H.M.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7584970
Hippocampus
processes explicit memories.
Weidenfield & Nicolson archives
15
Anterograde Amnesia
Anterograde
Amnesia
(HM)
Memory Intact
No New Memories
Surgery
16
Implicit Memory
HM can form new
memories that are procedural (implicit).
A
B
C
17
Cerebellum
Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain
that processes implicit memories.
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Modifications to the Three-Stage
Model
1. Some information skips the first two stages
and enters long-term memory automatically.
2. We select information that is important to us
and actively process it into our working
memory.
19
Encoding
© Bananastock/ Alamy
Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit
20
Automatic Processing
1. Space
2. Time
3. Frequency
21
Encoding
• Primacy and recency effects
Encoding strategies
– Encoding meaning
– Rehearsal
– Chunking
– Hierarchies
Rehearsal
24
Chunking
Example:
PBSFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC
Chunking
• The prior example in chunks:
PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC
Hierarchy
27
Retrieval: Getting Information Out
28
Recognition
1. Name the capital of France.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Brussels
Rome
London
Paris
29
Recall
1. The capital of France is ______.
30
Retrieval Cues
water
smell
fire
smoke
Fire Truck
heat
hose
truck
red
31
Priming
32
Context Effects
Fred McConnaughey/ Photo Researchers
33
Moods and Memories
mood-congruent
Jorgen Schytte/ Still Pictures
34
Forgetting
• What makes us forget?
35
Encoding Failure
36
Storage Decay
37
Retrieval Failure
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon.
38
Interference
Learning some new information may disrupt
retrieval of other information.
39
Retroactive Interference
40
Memory Construction
41
Misinformation and Imagination Effects
Eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories when
questioned about the event.
Depiction of the actual accident.
42
Misinformation
Group A: How fast were the cars going
when they hit each other?
Group B: How fast were the cars going
when they smashed into each
other?
43
Memory Construction
A week later they were asked: Was there any
broken glass? Group B (smashed into) reported
more broken glass than Group A (hit).
Broken Glass? (%)
50
40
32
30
20
14
10
0
Group A (hit)
Group B (Smashed into)
Verb
44
Source Amnesia
45
Constructed Memories
Loftus’ research shows that if false memories
(lost at the mall or drowned in a lake) are
implanted in individuals, they construct
(fabricate) their memories.
Don Shrubshell
46
Improving Memory
• How can you apply this knowledge?
47
Supplements that claim to improve
Memory
• Bogus? Or not?
• Don’t have to go through the FDA’s rigorous
regulations if they are “natural”
• They haven’t been found to affect LTP
Supplements that claim to improve
Memory
• Gingko Biloba – dilates blood vessels, increasing
blood to the brain
– Helps some Alzheimer’s patients
• A lot of the other supplements increase blood flow
or increase metabolism
– Some evidence that they can help in animals and the
elderly
• No evidence that it helps young healthy people
– Guess you’ll just have to study hard
• Worth more research
What if they do make a smart drug that
really works?
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