JUSTINIAN MOSAIC CHAPTER 11 (PG. 300)
SECTION 1: THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Main Idea: After Rome split, the Eastern Empire
(Byzantium) flourished for a millennium!
 Why It Matters Now: Byzantine culture deeply
influenced Orthodox Christianity, and major
branch of modern Christianity.
 Terms/ Names: Justinian, Justinian Code,
Hagia Sophia, Patriarch, Icon,
Excommunication, and Cyrillic alphabet
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DON’T FORGET WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST…
The once great Roman Empire became weak,
and was divided into two sections: West (Rome)
and East (Constantinople)
 The Western Roman Empire crumbled in the 5th
Century b/c of invading Germanic tribes.
 The Eastern Roman Empire (AKA Byzantium)
would remain a dominate force in Asia for
hundreds of years after Rome “falls”.
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BYZANTINE EMPIRE 568
BYZANTINE EMPIRE 780
212 YEARS IN BETWEEN THE TWO MAPS…
BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1218
BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1453
235 YEARS IN BETWEEN THE MAPS
A NEW ROME
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Justinian, a high ranking Byzantine nobleman,
succeeded his uncle as the new ruler of the Eastern
Empire (527).
He sent his best general (Belisarius) to reclaim N. Africa;
his goal is to revive Rome’s glory days
Within 16 years, Belisarius had reclaimed nearly all of
the territory of the old Roman empire: Justinian is now
the new Caesar, and ruled with absolute power.
Byzantine emperors ruled both Church and State w/
absolute power. Many emperors died violent deaths
LIFE IN NEW ROME
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Greek (not Latin) was spoken in New Rome
Justinian est. a new code of laws for his empire:
Justinian Code:
1.
The Code- 5,000 old Roman laws—still useful
2.
The Digest- A collection of Rome’s greatest legal scholars;
opinions about laws (50 volumes total)
3.
The Institutes- Textbook for law students
4.
The Novellae (New Laws)- Legislation passed after 534.
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Justinian Code regulated nearly everything in
Byzantine life: marriage, slavery, property, etc…
MASSIVE BUILDING PROJECTS IN CAPITAL CITY…
Justinian strongly focused on creating a capital city
that symbolized the greatness of his reign.
 He built-up the city’s infrastructure: bath,
aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals, etc..
 His greatest focus was on building grand churches,
and the greatest church he ever created was the
church of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom); it was
known as the most splendid church of the
Christian world.
 Explore Byzantium: Image Gallery Istanbul - Hagia
Sophia
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PRESERVATION OF GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE
Byzantine families valued education, especially
classical (Greek) learning.
 Students focused on Greek and Latin grammar;
memorized Homer; studied Euclid geometry,
Herodotus’ history, and medicine from Galan.
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THE HIPPODROME (GREEK MEANING “HORSE”
AND “RACECOURSE”
Much like the Roman coliseum and Circus
Maximus, the Hippodrome was the place in
Constantinople where citizens could enjoy free
entertainment.
 Rowdy fans would cheer their favorite teams
 In 532 fans rioted against one another, which
carried into the streets of the city: Justinian
crushed the riot in a brutal manner.
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HIPPODROME TODAY: ISTANBUL, TURKEY
THE PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN
A plague hit the empire and caused massive
casualties
 Continual attacks by outside invaders: Lombards,
Avars, Slaves, Bulgars, and the Persians.
 Greatest threat will be from the Turks, who
conquered the Muslim world, which spilled over
into Byzantium.
 The Ottoman Turks conquered the city of
Constantinople in 1453—the Ottoman Empire will
encompass this area until World War I.
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THE CHURCH DIVIDES
Christianity developed differently in the Eastern
and Western Roman Empires
 The church will eventually split into two
different denominations: Roman Catholicism
and Eastern Orthodoxy
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ROMAN CATHOLIC
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Services conducted in Latin
Pope has power over
Bishops
Pope claims power over all
kings and emperors
Priests may not marry
Divorce is not permitted
among its members
EASTERN ORTHODOX
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Service conducted in Greek
The patriarch and other head
Bishops lead the Church as a
group
The emperor claims authority
over the bishops of an
empire
Priests may be married
Divorce is allowed
HOW THEY COMPARE TO ONE ANOTHER
IMPORTANT FIGURES IN EASTERN ORTHODOXY
Saint Basil- In 357 he wrote the rules for how
monks would live their life
 Saint John Chrysostom- Bishop of
Constantinople, he was the patriarch, or
leading bishop of the East.
 Unlike the Pope, the patriarch did not have
political power over kings/ emperors
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THE ICONIC CONTROVERSY
In 730, the Byzantine Emperor (Leo III) banned
the use of icons (religious images) because he
viewed it as idol worship.
 This caused a rebellion amongst the people
 The Pope in the West got involved, which was
precursor to what will eventually occur in
1054…
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THE SCHISM OF 1054
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Christianity officially split into two separate
religions in 1054:
 Roman
Catholic Church in the West (Pope);
 Eastern Orthodox Church in the East (Patriarch)
THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET
Missionaries from the Orthodox Church took
the religion to the inhabitants to the north
known as Slavs, who had no written language.
 Two missionaries (Cyril and Methodius)
invented an alphabet for the Slavic people in
order to teach them the religion
 This new alphabet is known as the Cyrillic
Alphabet
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SECTION 1 SUMMARY QUESTIONS!!!
Look in your textbooks from pages 301—306 to
answer the following questions.
QUESTION 1…
What were the names and characteristics of the
four parts of the Justinian Code?
ANSWER TO QUESTION 1
The Code—5,000 Roman Laws;
 The Digest—Summaries of legal opinions;
 The Institutes—Instructions for the use of laws;
 The Novellae (New Laws)—Laws passed after
534
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QUESTION 2
What were some important features of life in
Constantinople?
ANSWER TO QUESTION 2
Beautiful churches and public buildings; crowded
marketplace along the Mese with products
from many lands; street performers;
performance acts at the Hippodrome
QUESTION 3…
Which people attacked the Byzantine Empire?
What part of the empire did they invade?
ANSWER TO QUESTION 3…
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Lombards attacked in the west; Avars, Slavs,
and Bulgars in the north; Persians in the east;
Persians, Avars, and Arabs invaded
Constantinople; Turks invaded the Muslim
world
QUESTION 4…
What two main religions emerged out of the split
in the Christian Church?
ANSWER TO QUESTION 4…
Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
CHAPTER 12-2 (PAGES 307—311)
The Russian Empire
RUSSIA’S BIRTH
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A group known as the Slavs (Slavic People) inhabited a
densely forested area of Europe
It was located west of the Ural Mts., north of the
Caspian and Black Seas,
Three rivers of this area: Dnieper, Don, and Volga
A Viking group known as the “Rus” moved into this
area and lived amongst the Slavs.
The Slavs asked a Viking to be their king—the city of
Kiev (on the Dnieper River) was established.
Eventually the line between Viking and Slav
diminished, and everyone was known as “Russian”
RUSSIANS ADOPT EASTERN ORTHODOXY
The Russian ruler Vladimir officially became an
Eastern Orthodox Christian, and required
everyone in his empire do the same.
 Eastern Orthodoxy flourished in this region, and
still does today.
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KIEV’S POWER AND DECLINE
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Kiev was Russia’s first important territory that could rival
western European cities
Yaroslav “the Wise” was the king in 1019, and married
off his daughters to western European monarch to forge
trading alliances with them
Continually built up Kiev’s infrastructure
The empire began to decline after Yaroslav’s death in
1095—instead of the oldest son inheriting the throne, it
was divided amongst all his sons, which created many
feuds.
The Crusades (1095) also hurt Kiev’s trading ties to the
Christian kingdoms in the West.
THE MONGOLS INVADE RUSSIA
Genghis Khan led the Mongols into Russia during
the 1200’s.
 In 1240, the Mongols (under Genghis’s grandson
Batu Khan) demolished Kiev and slaughtered
hundreds of Russians.
 The Mongols will rule southern Russia for 200
years. The demanded two things: 1) absolute
obedience; and 2) massive payments (tribute)
 Even though they were harsh, the Mongols allowed
the Russians to practice their religious customs.
Therefore, the Church continued to grow.
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RUSSIA BREAKS FREE
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Moscow was a crude fishing village in 1156, but it’s
strategic location near three rivers made it a probable
place to slowly diminish the Mongolian presence there.
1320’s: Prince Ivan I was in good with the Mongols, and
convinced the Patriarch of Constantinople to move to his
city, he acquired new lands, and gained firmer control over
this area
Ivan II: During the 15th Century he openly challenged the
Mongols. He assumed the name “czar”, and publically
claimed to make Moscow the new Rome.
In 1480 Russian army stood up to the Mongols, but they
refused to fight back. This bloodless battle marked the
beginning of the Russian Empire, and the retreat of the
Mongols into central China.
SECTION TWO REVIEW QUESTIONS!!!
Look in your textbook in pages 307—313 to
answer the following four questions!
QUESTION 1…
What does The Primary Chronicle say about Rurik
and the origin of Novgorod?
ANSWER TO QUESTION 1…
It states that Rurik was a Viking chief who was
invited by the Slavs to be their king. In also
says that Rurik founded Novgorod in 862.
QUESTION 2…
According to The Primary Chronicle, how did
Vladimir choose Byzantine Christianity?
ANSWER…
Vladimir sent out a team of representatives to
study the major religions of the times. The
team that studied Eastern Christianity was
enthusiastic about what it saw. This persuaded
Vladimir to convert to the Eastern Faith.
QUESTION 3…
How did Moscow’s location contribute to its
growth?
ANSWER TO 3…
It was located near three rivers, helping to make
it key to controlling nearly all of European
Russia.
QUESTION 4…
What event marked Russia’s liberation from
Mongol rule?
ANSWER TO 4…
The standoff between Russia and Mongolian
forces at the Ugra River in which both sides
turned around and went home.
CHAPTER 11-3: (PG. 314—317)
Turkish Empires Rise in
Anatolia
THE RISE OF THE TURKS
Don’t forget what happened prior to know…
1. The Abbasids were a powerful empire, but
began to lose power;
2. Their capital city was in Baghdad;
3. The Persians took control of Baghdad, and
took all political power away from the caliph.
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THE SELJUKS
The Abbasids noticed how fierce and loyal the
Turks were, and began buying their children to
raise as soldiers and bodyguards.
 These slaves (known as mamelukes) became a
powerful force in the Abbasid Empire
 In 1055 a group known as the Seljuk Turks took
over the Abbasid Empire by conquering their
capital city of Baghdad.
 They then turned their conquest westward and
took over the entire Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey).
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SELJUK TREATMENT OF PERSIANS…
In Baghdad, the Turks treated the Persians very
well, and won their loyalty and support.
 The Seljuks learned much of the Persian
literature, and adopted many of their cultural
and religious traits.
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SELJUKS CONFRONT CRUSADERS AND MONGOLS
 The Seljuks were at a weakened state when the West
launched a series of Holy Wars against Muslims living in
the Middle East.
 1099- Christian Crusaders reclaimed the city of
Jerusalem, and est. a Christian kingdom there for nearly
100 years.
 The Turks joined up with Muslim forces under the
guidance of Saladin to force the Christians out of the
city.
 By the 13th Century the Western powers posed little
threat to the Turks…
 However, about this time a new threat—The Mongols—
emerged from the East.
SELJUKS FACE THE MONGOLS
The Mongols overtook the entire area of
Anatolia and Baghdad. Therefore, the Turks
were forced to live under Mongol rule.
 The Mongols were not good at law and order,
and thus, their empire within the region
eventually died out.
 Out of this area comes a new group of Turks—
The Ottoman Turks—who will create a strong
empire for years to come.
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SECTION 3 REVIEW QUESTIONS!!!
Look throughout pages 314—317 in your textbook
to answer the following two questions.
QUESTION 1…
In what ways did the Turks show respect for their
Persian subjects?
ANSWER TO QUESTION 1
They chose the Persian city of Esfahan as the
capital; appointed Persians to government
posts; adopted Persian language and customs;
supported Persian writers and artists;
promoted Persian architectural styles.
QUESTION 2…
What group eventually conquered the empire
established by the Seljuk Turks?
ANSWER TO 2…
The Mongols