Cell Organelle Notes
A. Cell Wall
1. Found in plants, fungi, algae, nearly all
prokaryotes
2. Animals do not have cell walls
3. Allows water, O2, and CO2 to pass through
4. **Provides support and protection for the
cell
5. Made of cellulose—a tough carbohydrate fiber
6. (Principle component of wood and paper)
B. Cell Membrane
1. Thin, flexible layer that surrounds the
cytoplasm
2. Composed mainly of phospholipids
3. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
in order to maintain homeostasis
Magnification of Cell Membrane
Nucleus
C. Nucleus
1. Controls most cell processes and
contains the hereditary information (DNA)
2. Found in almost all Eukaryotic cells
3. Contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA
• Chromatin—Unwound form of DNA
• Chromosomes—Condensed form of DNA
D. Chromatin and Chromosomes
1. DNA bound to protein
2. Chromatin is the Stringy material seen in
Nucleus
3. The chromatin Condense to form
Chromosomes when cell divides
Chromatin and Chromosomes
E. Nucleolus
1. Dense region in
nucleus where
ribosomes are made
Nucleolus
F. Nuclear Envelope
1. Double membrane that surrounds nucleus
2. Contains thousands of Nuclear Pores—
allow material to move in and out
Nuclear Envelope
1. The Nuclear
Envelope is a
double
membrane that
contains pores so
that substances
can move in and
out of the
nucleus.
G. Cytoskeleton
1. Network of protein filaments that help the
cell maintain its shape
2. Aid in movement of organelles
Cytoskeleton
G. Cytoskeleton
3. Two types of fibers:
a. Microtubules—hollow tubes of proteins
• Help maintain shape
• Act as track for movement of organelle
• Form Centrioles –important when cell divides
(separate chromosomes)
• Bundles of Microtubules form cilia and flagella
(movement)
b. Microfilaments—movement and support of
cell (long thin fibers)
Organelles in Cytoplasm
H.
Ribosomes
1. Make proteins in the cell
2. Made of RNA and Protein
3. Make proteins specific to the instructions
given by DNA
4. Some
Ribosomes
are attached
to the
Endoplasmic
reticulum and
some are free
floating in the
Cytoplasm.
I. Endoplasmic Reticulm
1. Internal membrane system
2. Smooth ER is where components (parts)
of cell membrane are assembled
3. Rough ER is where proteins are modified
Rough ER
J. Rough ER
1. Modifies Proteins—has Ribosomes
attached
• proteins made and then shipped into ER for
modification
Rough ER
K. Smooth ER
1. Synthesize Lipids
• Makes parts of cell
membrane
Golgi Apparatus
L. Golgi Apparatus
1. Proteins move from
ER to Golgi
2. Enzymes attach
Carbohydrates and
Lipids to the protein in
the Golgi
3. Proteins are
packaged and sent to
their destination
M.
Lysosomes
1. Small packages filled with enzymes
2. Break down lipids, carbohydrates,
proteins (food) to be used by cell
3.Break down old organelles
4. Remove debris
N. Vacuoles
1. Saclike structure that stores water, salts,
proteins, carbohydrates
2. Plant cells—single, large, central, fluid—
turgor pressure
a. Small Vacuoles are called Vesicles
• used for transporting substances in the cell
Vacuole
Chloroplast
O. Chloroplasts
1. Found in plants and other organisms—
not in animal or fungal cells
2. Has double membrane
3. **Where photosynthesis occurs
4. Contain green pigment called
chlorophyll
5. Have stacks of photosynthetic
membranes
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
P.
Mitochondria
1. Release energy from stored food
molecules
2. Use food to form ATP (Molecule that is
used as energy in cell)
3. Enclosed by two membranes (inner folds
and outer) Chemical reactions
4. Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
Make a Venn Diagram to compare and
contrast plant and animal cells:
Plant cell
Animal cell
Both
Number your paper from 1-11.
Structure
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Function
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The Cell is Like a Protein Factory
Write a paragraph that describes how
proteins are made in the cell. Use the
following words in your paragraph:
Nucleus
Ribosome
Rough ER
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles