Test IDs
• CHOOSE THREE!
• USE SENTENCES •
TO DEFINE THE •
TERM AND
•
EXPLAIN ITS
•
SIGNIFICANCE TO
•
THE PERIOD
•
Half-way Covenant
Harvard
Zenger Trial
House of Burgesses
Bacon’s Rebellion
Anglo-Powhatan
Wars
Period 3: 1754 – 1800
Key Concept 3.1
“Britain’s victory over France in the imperial
struggle for North America led to new
conflicts among the British government, the
North American colonists, and American
Indians, culminating in the creation of a new
nation, the United States.”
Historical Thinking Skills:
Chronological Reasoning
• Historical causation: Historical
thinking involves the ability to
identify, analyze, and evaluate
multiple cause-and-effect
relationships in a historical context,
distinguishing between the long-term
and proximate.
Contest to control N. Am. Between
3 European powers:
England, France, and Spain
North America in 1750
BellRinger
1. Which nation
on the map had
the “best”
colonies? Why?
2. Based on the
map, what
problems might
arise among the
European
powers?
North America in 1750
Class Activity
Use the map
provided to color
the extent of the
Spanish, French, &
British colonial
control in North
America by 1750.
A map key is
required.
French Settlement in North
America
• Latecomer to N. Am.
• 1608; 1st permanent settlement: Quebec by
Champlain on St. Lawrence River
• New France:
– Catholic
– Slow Population Growth (60,000 in 1750)
– Friendly relations with Huron Indians but
enemies of Iroquois
– Economy based on Fur Trade
– Royal regime with little toleration of self-rule
– 1718: spread down Miss. River and est. New
Orleans
1754
Area of Clash: Fr. And Engl.
1754  The First Clash
The
Ohio Valley
British
Fort Necessity
* George Washington
French
Fort Duquesne
* Delaware & Shawnee
Indians
1754  Albany Plan of
Union
Albany Congress  (intercolonial
meeting)
A
Arepresentatives
from 7 colonies:
New England, NY, MD, PA
AIroquois
Indians: trying to get them
to stay on British side
also trying to bolster colonial unity
for defense against France
A
AWrote:
Albany Plan of Union
Colonial Unity??
Albany Plan of Union
• Read the proposed plan
1. What is the purpose of the Albany
Plan of Union?
2. Why do you think the plan was not
ratified by colonial legislatures?
3. What was the message of
Franklin’s political cartoon?
4. What might have been some
arguments in support of the plan?
Against the plan?
1756  War Is Formally
Declared!
Native American tribes
exploited both sides!
British-American
Colonial Tensions
Colonials
Methods of
Fighting:
British
• Indian-style guerilla • March in formation or
bayonet charge.
tactics.
Military
• Col. militias served
Organization: under own captains.
• Br. officers wanted to
take charge of colonials.
Military
Discipline:
• No mil. protocols
observed.
• Drills & tough
discipline.
Finances:
• Resistance to rising
taxes.
• Colonists should pay
for their own defense.
Demeanor:
• Casual,
non-professionals.
• Prima Donna Br.
officers with servants
& tea settings.
War Ends 1763 
Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions,
and claims to lands east of the Mississippi
River.
Spain --> got all French lands west of
the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but
lost Florida to England.
England --> got all French lands in
Canada, and exclusive rights to Caribbean
slave trade
North America in 1763
Use the map
provided to
identify the areas
under Spanish,
French, & British
control after the
French & Indian
War (by 1763)
Effects of the War
on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in
the Americas.
2. It enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that a
major reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on the
American Colonials
• Optimism and self-confidence
• Fear of French or Spanish attack
eliminated
• Western lands now opened for
settlement by colonists
• Colonists gain valuable wartime
experience, confidence in ability to
provide for own defense
• It united them against a common enemy
for the first time.
• It created bitter feelings towards the
British that would only intensify.
Americans’ Views About
the British
“The regulars
“In general the
dirtiest, most
contemptible,
cowardly dogs
that you can
conceive.” –
British General
Wolfe
– Colonists complain about
mistreatment by British officers –
feel like “second-class English
citizens”
– Colonists appalled at brutality of
punishment by British leaders on
infantrymen.
Daily “shrieks and cries” of whipped
soldiers. “There was a man whipped to
death belonging to the Light Infantry. They
say he had twenty-five lashes after he was
dead.”
– American soldier’s diary
are but little
better than
slaves to their
officers.” –
Mass.
Soldier’s diary
Americans’ Self Image
– Still strong loyalty among most to
British crown
– Many begin to view themselves as
different from British but not yet
strong cohesion between colonists
Warm Up Review
• Please refer to your homework video
questions to review the French and
Indian War
Impact of War with
Native Americans
– Indians in the interior lose French
and Spanish allies
– They feel vulnerable
– Conflict between British colonists
increases as whites move into former
French territory
Impact of War with
Native Americans
• Warm-Up: Review Questions from
Station #2
1. What led to Pontiac’s War?
2. Given what you know about the
difference between French and British
colonialism, why might Chief Pontiac
have once said, “I am French, and I
want to die French?”
3. Why might the Proclamation of 1763
have angered American colonists?
The Aftermath: Tensions
Along the Frontier
1763-1769  Pontiac’s
Rebellion
Fort Detroit
“I am French, and I want to die
French.”—Chief Pontiac
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
BACKLASH!
British  Proclamation
Line of 1763.
Colonials  Don’t want to be
told WHERE to LIVE!
Britain: Trying
to protect
colonists from
Indian attacks!
End of Salutary
Neglect
• Permanent standing army
– British navy and army permanently
stationed in colonies to defend the
frontier
• New rules for searches and seizures
– “Writs of assistance” used to
enforce navigation and trade laws
more strictly
– Allowed British customs officials to
search for smuggled goods anywhere
without a warrant
George Grenville’s
Program, 1763-1765
1. Sugar Act - 1764
2. Quartering Act - 1765
3. Stamp Act - 1765
End of Salutary
Neglect
• 1. Sugar Act (1764)
– Duties (import taxes) on sugar and
other goods.
– First time that taxes used to raise
revenue for Britain and not just to
regulate trade.
– Smugglers would be tried in viceadmiralty courts by crown-appointed
judges, not by a jury of their peers.
End of Salutary
Neglect
• 2. Quartering Act (1765)
– Colonial governments required to
provide food and living quarters for
British soldiers.
– New York legislature suspended for
six months by Governor for resisting
to enforce the law.
End of Salutary
Neglect
• 3. Stamp Act (1765)
– First direct (“internal”) tax imposed
by Britain on colonies
– Tax on most printed documents:
newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets,
deeds, wills, licenses.
Colonial Opposition!
• Anti- Stamp Act resolution
passed by House of
Burgesses in Virginia (May
1765)
– Supported local taxation only
UNLESS colonists had
representation in British
Parliament
– No Taxation without
Representation!
Patrick Henry
Colonial Opposition!
• Stamp Act Congress, NYC (October
1765)
– Nine colonies sent delegates
– Issued “Declaration of Rights”
– Supported a non-importation
agreement (BOYCOTT)
– Probably most effective tactic
Colonial Opposition!
• Mob actions
– “Sons of Liberty” secret groups
formed, harass, humiliate, tar and
feather stamp collectors
– Civil unrest, esp. in cities during
summer of 1765
– Largest in Boston, including mob
attack on Lieutenant Governor
Thomas Hutchinson’s home
– Attacks on symbols of British
authority and colonial wealth.
DBQ
Evaluate the extent to which
the French and Indian War
altered relations between
Britain and its American
colonies
– Use the documents and your knowledge of
the period from 1740-1766
DBQ
• In pairs, summarize the following:
– Read through the documents
– Answer the document guided
questions
– Develop a thesis statement
– Develop categories of analysis
• Suggested: Political, Economical, and
Ideological!
– List evidence in each category
Closure Activity
• In pairs, summarize the following:
– As a result of the French & Indian
War, how have things changed?
Why was the war such a “turning
point”?
– From the British gov’t perspective,
why are these changes necessary?
– From the colonial perspective, why
are these changes difficult to
handle?
End of Salutary
Neglect
• New imperial program
initiated by King
George III (1760)
and Prime Minister
George Greenville
(1763)
• British need to
recover cost of war
and decide how to
“protect” its colonies