Unit 2
THE RISE AND EXPANSION OF ISLAM
CREATION OF THE ISLAMIC RELIGION

Islam


Muslim


“one who has submitted”
First Followers


“submission to the will of
Allah”
Khadija and close friends
First sermons

Muhammad began
preaching in Mecca

Drew criticism because
people feared that
monotheism would cause
Mecca to lose pilgrims
MUHAMMAD



Born in 570 AD
Married at 25 to Khadija
Religious revelation at 40


Mecca and Medina




Believed Angel Gabriel
spoke to him
Kicked out of Mecca for
preaching
Converted the people of
Medina to Islam
Defeated Mecca in 630 AD
Dies in 632
DIVISION OF ISLAM

By 750 the Islamic Empire stretched from the Indus River to the
Atlantic Ocean


Expanded north vs. weakened Byzantine Empire
Many conquered people accepted Islamic faith





Did not have to pay a tax placed on non-Muslims if they did
Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) ruled in the East
Umayyad Caliphate of al-Andalus(756-976) ruled in Spain
Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171) ruled in North Africa
Division




Arose after the murder of Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad
Opposed by the Shi’a who had supported Ali
The Umayyad’s became known as Sunni
Sufi Muslims began as an opposition to both
OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Orkhan I



Succeeded his father,
Osman, as sultan
Conquered Adrianople from
the Byzantine Empire
Ruled justly





Was kind to conquered
people
Used system of local
governments
Muslims – served in army but
did not pay tax
Non Muslims – did not serve
in army but did pay tax
Expansion Halted

Timur the Lame’s invasion

Defeated the Turks in 1402 at
Battle of Ankara
What is the status of the islands of Crete and Cyprus in this
map?
What does this tell you about the Ottoman Empire’s military?
Why is this an important distinction given the date this map
depicts?
OTTOMAN EXPANSION PEAKS



Sultan Mehmed II takes
Constantinople (1453)
Selim the Grim takes
Mecca and Medina
(1510’s)
Suleyman the Great




Takes Belgrade, Tripoli, and
parts of Austria and Hungary
(1520’s)
Most powerful monarch on
earth at that time
Had a splendid court and a
well disciplined military
Post Suleyman

Ottoman Empire slowly
decays until it ceases to exist
after World War I
MUGHAL EMPIRE

The Mughals


Mongol group that
ruled India after
defeating the Turks
Babur


Founder of Mughals
Brilliant general
Defeated the Turks
 Victories began Mughal
expansion into India

MUGHAL EMPIRE

Akbar



Military leader


Babur’s grandson
Ruled Mughal India from
1556 to 1605
Unified a population of 100
million people
Blended cultures






Married women who were not
Muslim
Allowed freedom of religion
Abolished tax on non-Muslims
Had Jesuit missionaries teach
his son
Bureaucratic government
Promoted art, literature, and
architecture
MUGHAL EMPIRE

Akbar’s successors

Jahangir
 Allowed
his wife, a Persian named Nur Jahan, to do most
of the ruling
 Attempted to make Islam the state religion of the Mughals
 Son, Khusaru, rebelled against him and joined the Sikhs



Sikh’s blend teachings of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufi Islam
Jahangir targeted Sikhs for religious persecution
Shah Jahan – 2nd son and successor to Jahangir
 Assassinated
all rivals for the throne
 Loved 2 things – beautiful buildings and his wife, Mumtaz
Mahal
 Did a poor job managing a nation during famine and war
Mumtaz died
in 1631 after
giving birth to
their 14th
child
Jahan had the
Taj Mahal
built to honor
her
THE TAJ MAHAL