Motivation
Chapter 10
Motivational Theories and Concepts
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Motives – needs, wants,
desires leading to goaldirected behavior
Drive theories – seeking
homeostasis
Incentive theories –
regulation by external
stimuli
Evolutionary theories –
maximizing reproductive
success
Diversity of motives
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Biological versus Social motives
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating:
Biological Factors
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Brain regulation
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Glucose and digestive
regulation
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Lateral and ventromedial
hypothalamus
Paraventricular nucleus
Glucostatic theory
Hormonal regulation
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Insulin and leptin
The Motivation of Hunger and Eating:
Environmental Factors
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Learned preferences
and habits
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Food-related cues
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Exposure
When, as well as what
Appearance, odor, effort
required
Stress
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Link between heightened
arousal/negative emotion
and overeating
Eating and Weight: The Roots of
Obesity
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Evolutionary
explanations
Genetic predisposition
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Body Mass Index and
adoption study
The concept of set
point/settling point
Dietary restraint
Sexual Motivation and Behavior:
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Determining Desire
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Hormonal regulation
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Pheromones
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Synchronized menstrual
cycles
Aphrodisiacs
Erotic materials
Attraction to a Partner
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Estrogens
Androgens
Testosterone
The Coolidge effect
Evolutionary factors
Gender Differences in Sexual Activity
Males show a greater interest in
sex than females.
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Males have more frequent and
varied sex fantasies
Males subjective ratings of sex
drives are higher.
More motivated to pursue a
greater variety of partners
More willing to engage in
casual (uncommitted sex)
Differences may be exaggerated
because of double standard
towards sexuality
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Women may downplay
sexuality to avoid be considered
permissive
20
15
Men
Women
10
5
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o
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m
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yr
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10 s.
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20 s.
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30 .
yr
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lif
e
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1
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Gender Differences and Mate Preferences
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Parental Investment Theory
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Females look for mate that
could
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Provide resources
Was willing to invest
resources
Protect family
Males look for mate that
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Had good reproductive
potential
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Young and healthy
Would be faithful
Nuturing
Other explanations
Expectancy Theory
Valence - attractiveness of an outcome to an individual
Instrumentality - strength of belief that
Outcomes
(e.g.,
“A” on of
test,
raise,
performance
results
inpromotions)
outcome
Expectancy
- strength
belief
that
effort attainment
will result in successful performance
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
ACTUALIZATION
ESTEEM
SOCIAL
SAFETY
PHYSIOLOGICAL
Motivation
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McClelland’s Learned Needs
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Need for Achievement
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a need to accomplish goals, excel, and strive continually to do
things better.
Need for Affiliation
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desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
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affiliative interest
affiliative assurance
Need for Power
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the need to influence and lead others and be in control of one’s
environment
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socialized power
personalized power
Interpreting the TAT
Affiliation
+ emotional relationship
likes another
wants to be liked by another
affiliate activities
Achievement
standard of excellence
unique accomplishment
long-term goal
Situational Determinants of Achievement