El basurero- garbage container
 El derrumbe- landslide
 El efecto invernado- greenhouse effect
 La inundacion- flood
 El medio ambiente- environment
 El riesgo- risk
 La sequia- drought
 El suelo- ground

El temblor- earthquake
 Danar- to harm
 desarrollo- development
 Mejorar- to improve
 Amenazar- to threaten
 El porvenir- future
 Volar- to fly

The future tense is used to show an event occurring in
the future.
 In order to conjugate a Spanish verb in the future tense,
add respective future endings to the infinitive form.
 Future Endings (universal for all verbs):

-emos

Stem changes must be applied to irregular verbs in the
future tense.
 Irregular Future Stems:

Infinitive
Stem
Infinitive
Stem
Infinitive
Stem
Haber
Habr-
Poner
Pondr-
Decir
Dir-
Poder
Podr-
Salir
Saldr-
Hacer
Har-
Querer
Querr-
Tener
Tendr-
Saber
Sabr-
Venir
Vendr-
Examples of irregular future verbs are as follows:
 Yo pondr𝑒 el taco en la cocina. (I will put the taco in
the kitchen.)
 Ella sabr𝑎 muchas cosas sobre la fiesta. (She will know
many things about the party.)
 Nosotros haremos muchas cosas para prepara por el
examen. (We will do many things to prepare for the
exam).

Por is a preposition that means “for”. It has distinct uses
from its similar preposition para which also means “for”.
 Uses of Por are as follows:

Passing through
General Location
Duration
Cause
Exchange
Substitution, doing something in place of
A means
Ella pasa por el bosque en su viaje. (She passes through
the forest in her trip)
 ¿Puedes manejar el carro por mi? (Can you drive the
car for me?)
 Regresamos por el tren. ( We return by the train.)
 Cantamos en el coro por una semana. (We are singing
in the choir for one week.)

Para is a preposition meaning “for”. It has uses distinct
from its twin, por.
 Uses of Para are as follows:

Recipient, for whom
Destination
Purpose
Opinion
Comparison and contrast
Deadline

Translate the following sentence: Maria y Juan
apreciar𝑎n la biodiversidad.
2. Nosotromos pasamos _____la alta mar en nuestro viaje.
3. Desarrollar el invento _____ ayudar otras personas.
4. Translate the following sentence: You will be able to
stop the greenhouse effect.
5. El smog _______ en el noche. (to leave, future tense)
1.
Maria and Juan will appreciate biodiversity.
2. Por
3. Para
4. Usted podr𝑎 parar el efecto invernadero.
5. saldr𝑎
1.
Climate: Cold in the mountain tops but hot and humid
at the mountain bottoms
 Languages: garífuna, xinca, mam, kaquchiquel,
akateco, quiché
 Food: pupusas, tomales, gallo pinto, tortillas, ceviche




Indigenous Artisans:
› used a combination of many colors in the clothes they made
› in the market you can find Mayan and indigenous clothes
Archeology:
› Architecture of Central America is preferred by people all around the world
› Discovered many ruins, sites, and artifacts in Mayan Civilizations
› New Mayan palace discovered in 2000
Cities full of life:
› Modern structures form part of Central America
› Capital city of Panama has large buildings
› Panama is now the center of industrial activity and culture. Also contains
important ports.
Country
Guatemala
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaradua
Costa Rica
Panamá
Capital
Guatemala
San Salvador
Tegucigalpa
Managua
San José
Panamá

Lake Nicaragua:
› Largest lake in Central America
› Transformed from salt water to fresh water
› contains sharks (tiburones)

Endagered Species:
› A lot of flora and fauna
› deforestation and contamination causes problems
› Turtles (tortugas) are endangered because the algae
population increased and contaminated the lake
› Jaguars (also endagered) eat turtles and a lot of deer

About the Author Carlos Balaguer:
› Born in San Salvador in El Salvador
› Describes his fascination of nature which is shown in most of his works
› wrote for the newspaper El Diario de Hoy

Three Stages of life:
› Niño: eat candies, play, and hunt butterflies
› Juventud: show interest in nature and become hopeful and enchanted.
› Anciano: Contemplate their emotional struggles and nature. Best time of
their life is the peace of nature and sense of eternity and greatness.
› Stages of life similar to a tree: every stage has some type of splendor
Encargarse de- to take charge of
 Invertir- to invest
 Novedoso- novel
 La patente- patent
 Advertir-to warn
 Cometer- to make a mistake
 Luchar- to struggle
 Seguir adelante- to continue on

Superar- to overcome
 El fracaso- failure
 La mejora- improvement
 El sufrimiento- suffering
 Por un lado…- on one hand…
 Por el otro lado…- on the other hand

 Not sure if event will happen
 Formed same way as majority of commands
 Trick:
Present tense “yo” form
2. Delete the “o” (hablo=habl)
3. -AR verbs
-e / -ER & -IR
1.
-a
 They need spell changes so you can still
pronounce them correctly!
 Criticar= critque
 Investigar =investigue
 Penalizar = penalice
 Proteger= proteja
 Entinguir= extinga
 Know these verb conjugations:
 Dar, Estar, Ir, Saber, Ser (pg. 199)
 *haber
haya
 Rules:
 -AR,-ER,-IR (e
ie)
 -IR verbs nosotros form (e i OR o u)
 *e i (same stem change in all forms)
What is the correct form of the verb in the sentence?
1. Es importante que todos nosotros (respetar) los adultos.
2. Es una buena idea que yo (conseguir) una pelota.
3. Es importante que los estudiantes (escribir) la informacion.
4. No es bueno que yo (encargarse) todo.
5. Es imprescindible que (cerrar) la tienda.
Respetemos
2. Consiga
3. Escriban
4. Me encargue
5. Cierres
1.

Panama Canal:
› Connects Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
› Excavated enough dirt from the canal to build a replica of the Great
Wall of China to be built from San Francisco to New York
› Panama was once a small country and little known but it's now the
center of merchandise traffic
› Chinese and locals participated in the construction, Chinese were the
minority

Indigenous Art:
›
›
›
›
Jose Antonio Velásquez was born in Honduras
Painted primitive paintings and paintings with kids in it
Paintings described as native or primitive (ingenuo o primitivista)
Paintings were detailed oriented (minucioso)







About Mayan Civilization:
Mayan civilization existed from 2600 a.C. to 1511 d.C. in
Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Belice, and in parts of
Mexico
These civilizations were very advanced
Contributions include the calendar and hieroglyphics
About the legends:
The Mayans had a lot of respect for the environment and
everything in it: birds (los pájaros), reptiles (los reptiles),
insects (los insectos) and plants (ls plantas)
La tristez del Maya is a legend about the love for nature
What are José Velásquez's paintings described as?
 What is a nightingale called in Spanish?
 Where, specifically, did Mayan civilizations exist?
 What are the three stages of life
 What oceans did the Panama canal connect?

Answer: Se llama arte ingenuo o primitivista (Called
native or primitive art)
 Answer: el ruiseñor
 Answer: Existed in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador,
Belice, and in parts of Mexico.
 Answer: niño, juventud, y anciano
