Joint
 Connection between two bones
 Joints allow motion
 Bear body weight
 Provides stability
Types of Joints
 Fibrous
 Cartilaginous
 Synovial
Fibrous joint
Has thin layer of
periosteum between the
bones
e.g. – sutures of skull
 3 types of fibrous joints:
 Synarthrosis
thin layer of fibrous periosteum
between two bones
no motion between bones
 Syndesmosis
great deal of fibrous tissue
small amount of twisting or
stretching
e.g.- distal tibiofibular jint
distal radio ulnar joint
 Gomphosis
between tooth & wall of its dental
socket in mandible & maxilla
Cartilaginous joint
 Hyaline or fibrocartilage is present between bone
surfaces
Vertebral joints: disc of fibro cartilage directly connect
bones
1st sternocostal joint: direct connection made by
hyaline cartilage
Synovial (diarthrodial) joint
 No direct union between bone ends
 Joint surfaces covered with hyaline (articular) cartilage
 Outer layer of capsule by strong fobrous tissue
Diarthroidal Joint Classification
 Nonaxial
 Uniaxial
 Biaxial
 Triaxial
Nonaxial
 Linear movement
 Flat surfaces of bone
glide over each other
Uniaxial
 Angular movement
(hinge)
 One plane around
one axis
Biaxial
 Movement in 2
different directions
allowed
Triaxial(multiaxial)
 Motion occurs at 3
axes
Joint Structure
 Bone
 Ligament- bands of
fibrous tissue
 Hold ends of bones
together
 Flexible, but not elastic
Joint Capsule
 Surrounds
 Protects
 2 layers:
 Outer fibrous layer
 Inner layer
 Synovial membrane
 Synovial fluid
http://www.allaboutmydoc.com/surgeonweb/surgeonId.2729/clinicId.1432/theme.theme3/country.US/language.en/page.article/docId.20262
Cartilage – 3 Types
 Hyaline (articular)
cartilage
 Fibrocartilage
 Meniscus
 Intervertebral discs
 Labrum
 Elastic cartilage
 Ear
Tendon
 Connects muscle to
bone
 Tendon sheaths
 Aponeurosis


Flat tendinous sheet
Linea alba
Bursa
 Fluid filled sac
 Located in areas of
friction
 Lined with synovial
membrane
 Natural vs. Acquired
PLANES
of
the
BODY
 Sagittal plane
 Divides body into left and right halves
 Flexion/extension
 Frontal plane
 Divides body into front and back halves
 Adduction/abduction
 Transverse (Horizontal) plane
 Divides body into top and bottom halves
 Rotation
 Cardinal Planes – divide the body equally
Axis
 Point through center of joint around which the body
part rotates
 Movement Occurs In a Plane, Around an Axis
Sagittal axis
Frontal axis
Vertical axis
Degrees of Freedom
 Number of planes in which a joint can move
 Uniaxial joint – one degree of freedom,
motion at one axis
 Biaxial joint – 2 degrees of freedom, motion
at 2 axes
 Triaxial joint – 3 degrees of freedom, motion
at 3 axes
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