IP 325
European Integration
Fall Semester 2012/2013
October 1, 2012
Assessment methods (weighing):
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Active lecture/seminar participation 20 %
Mid-term test 20 %
Term paper and presentation 40 %
Final test 20 %
Total 100 %
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Prehistory of European Integration
• September 1946: Winston Churchill called for
a "kind of United States of Europe" in a speech
he gave at the University of Zurich;
• May 1947: The Marshall Plan, set up for the
economic revival of Europe;
• January 1947: The custom convention
between Belgium, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands (entered into force 1/1/1948).
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BENELUX
In 1944, the three countries signed the London
Customs Convention, the treaty that established the
Benelux Customs Union. Ratified in 1947, the treaty
was in force from 1948 until being supplanted by the
Benelux Economic Union.
The treaty establishing the Benelux Economic Union
was signed on February 3, 1958 in The Hague and
came into force on November 1, 1960 to promote
the free movement of workers, capital, services, and
goods in the region.
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BENELUX - 1
A Benelux Parliament (originally referred to as
Interparliamentary Consultative Council) was
created in 1955.
This parliamentary assembly is composed of
21 members of the Dutch parliament, 21
members of the Belgian national and regional
parliaments, and 7 members of the
Luxembourgish parliament.
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Prehistory of EI – 1
• April 1948: The Organisation for European
Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was created to
coordinate the Marshall Plan;
• April 1949: North Atlantic Treaty signed in
Washington (NATO); it included the five Treaty
of Brussels states (BeNeLux, F, UK) plus the
United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway,
Denmark and Iceland.
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Council of Europe
The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May
1949 by Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Sweden and the United Kingdom. It now has
47 member states and more than 800 million
people living the Euroasia area.
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Council of Europe - 1
Council of Europe:
an international organisation promoting cooperation between all countries of Europe in
the areas of legal standards, human rights,
democratic development, the rule of law and
cultural co-operation.
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Council of Europe - 2
The Council of Europe works mainly through
conventions.
By drafting conventions or international
treaties, common legal standards are set for
its member states.
However, several conventions have also been
opened for signature to non-member states.
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Council of Europe - 3
The Council of Europe fosters legal cooperation through some 200 conventions and
other treaties, including the Convention on
Cybercrime, the Convention on the Prevention
of Terrorism, the Conventions against
Corruption and Organised Crime, the
Convention on Action against Trafficking in
Human Beings, and the Convention on Human
Rights and Biomedicine.
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Council of Europe - 4
The best known bodies of the Council of Europe are:
• European Court of Human Rights (enforces the
European Convention on Human Rights)
• European Pharmacopoeia Commission (sets the
quality standards for pharmaceutical products in
Europe).
The Council of Europe's work has resulted in
standards, charters and conventions to facilitate
cooperation between European countries.
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Council of Europe - 5
Statutory institutions are:
• Committee of Ministers (comprising the foreign
ministers of each member state);
• Parliamentary Assembly (composed of MPs from the
parliament of each member state);
• Secretary General heading the secretariat of the
Council of Europe.
The Commissioner for Human Rights is an
independent institution within the Council of Europe.
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Council of Europe - 6
The headquarters of the Council of Europe are
in Strasbourg, France;
Official languages of the Council of Europe are
English and French;
The Committee of Ministers, the Congress and
the Parliamentary Assembly also use German,
Italian and Russian for some of their work.
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Dawn of the European Integration
• May 9, 1950: In a speech inspired by Jean
Monnet, the French foreign minister Robert
Schuman proposed integrating the coal and
steel industries of western Europe;
• June 1950: Belgium, France, Luxembourg,
Italy, the Netherlands and Germany
subscribed to the Schuman declaration;
• August 1950: The Council of Europe Assembly
approved the Schuman plan.
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History of European Integration
• April 1951: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,
Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the
Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal
and Steel Community (ECSC);
• July 1952: The ECSC Treaty entered into force;
Jean Monnet was appointed president of the
High Authority and Paul-Henri Spaak president
of the Common Assembly.
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History of EI – cont. 1
• November 1952: The General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) decided to grant
Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and
the Netherlands a derogation from the mostfavoured-nation treatment, to allow them to fulfil
their ECSC obligations;
• March 1957: The Treaties establishing the
European Economic Community (EEC) and the
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
were signed in Rome, („Treaties of Rome“).
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EU Symbols: European Flag
• The flag was designed in 1955 for the Council of
Europe as its symbol, and the CoE urged it to be
adopted by other organizations. In 1985 the EU
(which was then the European Economic Community
- EEC), adopted it as its own flag;
• It consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue
background; the number twelve being traditionally
the symbol of perfection, completeness and unity.
• The flag therefore remains unchanged regardless of
EU enlargements.
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EU Symbols: European Anthem
• The European anthem is based on the prelude to
"The Ode to Joy", 4th movement of Ludwig van
Beethoven's Symphony No. 9. Due to the large
number of languages in Europe, it is an instrumental
version only. The anthem was announced on 19
January 1972 by the Council of Europe;
• It was adopted by European Community leaders in
1985. It does not replace national anthems, but is
intended to celebrate their shared values. It is played
on official occasions by both the CoE and the EU.
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EU Symbols: Europe Day
„Europe Day“ is held annually on 9 May, the date of
the „Schuman Declaration“, the proposal to pool the
French and West German coal and steel industries.
This is considered a founding moment for what is
now the EU and was adopted as its flag day at the
Milan European Council summit in 1985.
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European Motto
European motto „Unity in Diversity“ was adopted as
the European Union's motto on May 4, 2000,
following a contest called A motto for Europe. It was
selected from entries proposed by school pupils and
accepted as Diversité dans l'unité. In 2004, the motto
was written into the English as United in Diversity,
and now appears on English language official EU
websites as United in diversity;
The European Union motto was translated into all 23
official languages in 2004.
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History of the EI – EFTA
July 1959: Seven countries of the OEEC, Austria,
Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland
and the United Kingdom, decided to establish
another European integration formation, the
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), as a
counterpart to the EEC; Treaty on EFTA was signed in
1960;
• The main difference between the EEC and the EFTA
(at that time) was the absence of a common external
customs tariff of the EFTA countries.
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The 60´
The 1960s saw the first attempts at EEC´s
enlargement. On 3 May 1960 Denmark, Ireland,
Norway and the United Kingdom applied to join the
three Communities;
However, in 1963 President Charles de Gaulle, who
saw the British membership as a Trojan horse for US
influence, vetoed UK´s membership, and the
applications of all four countries were suspended;
• They resubmitted their applications in May 1967 and
the new French government lifted the veto.
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European Development Policy
The first European development policy was
established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957.
It granted associated status to 31 overseas
collectivities and territories (OCTs) and provided for
the creation of a European Development Fund (EDF)
intended to grant technical and financial assistance
to the countries. More significantly, however, the six
member states of the EEC were expressing solidarity
with the colonies and OCTs and committed
themselves to contribute to their prosperity.
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European Development Policy - 1
The first cycle of the EDF was designed for a period
of five years and took effect in 1959.
In 1963, representatives of the EEC MS and 17
African countries and Madagascar met in Yaoundé,
Cameroon, to sign their first partnership agreement
in history. The group of developing countries which
signed the final agreement were granted preferential
trade arrangements.
In addition, it was agreed to continue support via the
EDF and the European Investment Bank (EIB).
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The 60´ - EEC´s Decade of Growth
July 1962: The EEC started its „common agricultural
policy“, giving the countries joint control over food
production. The six EEC member states at first
individually strongly intervened in their agricultural
sectors, with regard as to what was produced,
maintaining prices for goods and how farming was
organized.
Some Member States, in particular France, and all
farming professional organizations wanted to maintain
strong state intervention in agriculture. This could
therefore only be achieved if policies were harmonized
and transferred to the European Community level.
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The 60´- 1
• July 1, 1964: The European Agriculture Guidance
and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) is set into place.
• September 1964: The Council reaches an
agreement as to the composition of the single
Commission that will ultimately have nine
members.
• April 1965: The Treaty merging the executives of
the three Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom) is
signed in Brussels.
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The 60´- 2
July 1, 1967: The Merger Treaty enters into force,
thus fusing the executives of the European
Communities into a single Commission and a single
Council.
However, both continue to act in accordance with
the rules governing each of the Communities.
July 1, 1968: The EEC remove custom duties on
goods imported from each other, allowing free crossborder trade for the first time and apply the same
duties on their imports from outside countries.
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The 60´- 3
December 1969: The heads of the EEC confirm
their willingness to advance towards a genuine
economic and monetary union and the close
alignment of social policies this entails, and
reaffirm their agreement on the principle of the
enlargement of the Community. The transitional
period laid down by the Treaty on the European
Economic Communities (EEC) for implementing
the common market, comes to an end.
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Stages of Economic Integration
1. Free Trade Area: abolishing of barriers and tariffs in
mutual trade, autonomous foreign trade policy with
third countries;
2. Custom Union: common foreign trade policy in
custom area;
3. Common Market: free movement of goods,
services, labor and capital;
4. Economic and Monetary Union: common economic
policy, central bank, adoption of common currency;
5. Political Union: merger of member countries.
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