TOPIC-STONE
GROUP MEMBERS
1 . SALONI DHIMMAR
2. AANAL SANKESARA
3. MAITRI SHAH
4. DIVYA PANDYA
5. MAHIMA SHAH
STONE
Properties of stone:-
It is hard solid non
metallic mineral
matter of which
rock is made
especially as a
building material.
LIMESTONE
DEFINITION
Limestone is a sedimentary
rock composed primarily of
calcium carbonate (CaO3) in
the form of the mineral
calcite
FORMATION
It most clearly form in clear, warm, shallow
marine waters. It is form from the
accumulation of shell, coral, algae.
WHERE IT IS FOUND
Today Earth has many limestone forming
environment. Most of them are found in
shallow water areas between 30 degrees
south latitude. It is found in Caribbean
Sea, Indian ocean, Persian gulf, Gulf of
Mexico.
COMPOSTION
Lime stone is by definition a rock that
contains at least 50% calcium carbonate
in the form of calcite by weight. It
contains small material of quarts, feldspar
clay minerals pyrite, siderite
USES
Limestone is a rock with an enormous
diversity of uses. It could be the one rock
that is used in more ways than any other.
Most limestone is crushed and used as a
construction material . It is used as
crushed stone for road base
Pyramid of giza
Court house
ADVANTAGES
Elegance
Carving
Porous and
soft
DISADVANTAGES
Very
expensive
Very heavy
Difficult to
maneuver
COST
Limestone can be fairly expensive to install.
The materials usually cost between $3 to
$10 per square foot and it is strongly
recommended that it be installed by a
professional as limestone very heavy and
difficult to maneuver.
GRANITE
DEFINITION OF GRANITE
Granite is common
type of felsic
intrusive igneous
rock which is a
granular and
phaneritic in
texture.
COMMERCIAL GRANITE
CHEMICAL CONTAINS

Granite containing potassium feldspar ,
plagioclase feldspar , quarts and biottite and/ or
amphibole minerals.
 It is the potassium feldspar that gives many
granites a distinctive pink color.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The average density of granite is between 2.65
and 2.75 g/cm3
 Its copressive strength usually lies above
200mpa.
 Melting temprature is 1215-1263 C

USES

EXTERIOR USES:-

Rough –cut and polished granite is used in
buildings , bridges , paving , monuments.
INTERIOR USES: Indoors polished granite slabs and tiles are used
in counters , tile floors and decorative features.

ORBICULAR GRANITE
MOUNTRUSHMORE
ADVANTAGES

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

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Granite is hard and tough
Placing hot items or cutting on granite will
never damage the surface
Stain resistant
Adds value of your home.
The color of your granite countertop will never
fade.
DISADVANTAGES
Granite needs
to be sealed
once every 2
years.
MARBLE
DEFINITION
Marble is a non-foliated
metamorphic rock
composed of recrystalized
carbonate minerals , most
commonly limestone or
dolomite rock.
PROPERTIES
Whiteness of marble is due
metamorphism.
 Many colored marble varieties are usually
due to various mineral impurities such as
clay , silt , sand, iron oxides or chert.

USES
Taj mahal
It is used for making different antiques and sculptures
It is also used for construction .
ADVANTAGES
Very few rocks have as many uses as
marble .
 It is used as it is an abundant , low cost
commodity in construction projects.
 Marble is translucent stone that allows
light to enter and produce a soft “glow”.
 It also has the ability to take a very high
polish.

PRODUCTION

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
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Following 4 countries have almost half of world
production of marble and decorative stones .
Italy is the leading country in marble production with
20 % world production.
China is second leading country with 16 % total world
production.
India is third ranking with 10% of total world
production.
Spain is in fourth position with 6% of world
production.
ARTIFICIAL MARBLE
Marble dust is combined with cement or
synthetic resins to
make reconstituted or cultured marble.
 The appearance of marble can be
simulated with faux marbling, a painting
technique that imitates the stone's color
patterns.

SLATE
WHAT IS SLATE
slate is naturally durable stone consisting of
many layers.
 Slate is fine-grained homogeneous
metamorphic rock.
 Derived from shale type sedimentary rock
composed of clay or volcanic ash
properties
Grey in colour
 Durable and electrical insulator
 Has low water absorption index about
less than %.
 Resistant to frost damage and breakage
due to freezing
 Natural slate is also fire resistant and
energy efficient

USES
Slate faced churches
Also used in kitchen countertops
, blackboards , slates for writing ,
electrical switchboards
AVALABILITY
Slate is mostly found in brazil ,
United states,
Africa, spain and china.
It is available at U.P ,M.p, bihar,
Madras , rajasthan and mysore
In india.
KOTA STONE
DEFINITION
Kota stone is
a fine
granited
variety of
limestone.
WHERE IT IS FOUND?
It is found in kota district
Rajasthan,INDIA.
 Kota stone of greenish blue and brown
colours is very popular in Rajasthan

USES
Exterior
Chemical
industries as
flooring
Commercial
buildings
Balconies
Pathways
Corridors
Driveway
ADVANTAGES
Tough
Long
durablity.
Easily
available
Available
in all sizes
Non water
absorbent
Non slip
Affordable
prices
sandstone
Sandstone ( arenite) is a type of sedimentary rock composed
of sand-sized minerals.
Most sandstone is composed of quartz and feldspar because
these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust.
sandstone may be any colour, like tan, brown, yellow, red, grey,
pink, white and black.
Properties and uses
Sandstone has been used for domestic construction and housewares since
prehistoric times.
It is soft, making it easy to carve hence being used around the world in
constructing temples, homes, and other buildings.
sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work making
sandstone a common building and paving material including in asphalt
concrete.
. The paving stone made up of sandstone is strong and durable, making it a
popular choice for pavers.
The stone is tough, but can be easily cut to preferred size and shapes.
USES
The smooth sandstones used for formations of walls, pillars, ceilings and balustrades.
When used, it conveys elegance and class to the room is it used. Sandstone with a
rough texture can be used for fireplaces, walkways and walls.
• For Pavements and Tile works. Sandstone uses include floor and wall tiles within the
construction. It is used as decorative tiles and paves in the walkwaysCompared to
concrete and clay, sandstones can withstand any weather, even during extreme hot
climates and cold ones. They can also withstand heavy traffic, making it an excellent
material for pavers. Because of that, maintenance and replacement of these tiles and
pavers are minimal.
The smooth sandstones used for formations of walls, pillars, ceilings and balustrades.
DOORWAY MADE OF
SANDSTONE
TYPE OF SAND STONE
Forms of artificial stones
1) cement concrete : mixture of cement ,
fine aggregate , coarse aggregate and
water . It is known as R.C.C.
 2)mosaic tiles: it is pre-cast concrete tiles
with marble chips at top surface.
 3)terrazo : mixture of marble chips and
cement . Used in bathrooms , residential
buildings , temples ,etc

terrazo
Mosaic tiles
THANK YOU……