Table A1. Lists to classify interventions.
Table A2. Taxonomies to classify interventions.
Table A3. Frameworks to classify interventions.
Table A4. Other classification systems for interventions.
1
Table A1. Lists to classify interventions.
Article
Country
Year
Objective
Description
EPOC 2010 {Cochrane Effective
Practice and Organisation of Care
Group, 2010 63 /id}
CAN
2010
data collection checklist for Cochrane
reviews
data collection checklist including
professional, financial, organizational, and
regulatory interventions
Abraham 2011 {Abraham, 2011
66 /id}
UK
2010
not reported
list of 40 BCTs grouped according to change
targets
Bartholomew 2011{Bartholomew,
2011 67 /id}
USA
2011
book designed to help plan health
promotion programs using intervention
mapping approach
13 tables with lists of behaviour change
methods covering various levels (e.g.,
individual, environment, community,
organization) or to effect carious outcomes
(e.g., knowledge, skills, social influence) see
Chapter 6
Health Systems Evidence
2013{McMaster Health Forum,
2013 84 /id}
CAN
2012
a continuously updated repository of
syntheses of research evidence about
governance, financial and delivery
arrangements within health systems, and
about implementation strategies that can
support change in health systems.
list of governance, and financial and delivery
arrangements within health systems, and
implementation strategies that can support
change in health systems.
AHRQ{Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality-Patient
Safety Network, 2013 1700 /id}
USA
2013
not reported
list of approaches to improve safety with
links to patient safety literature, news, and
other resources
CPHI 2001 {Canadian Population
Health Initiative, 2001 683 /id}
CAN
2001
an environmental scan of research transfer
strategies used by organizations involved
with health or social research and policy
that also have an emphasis on knowledge
transfer
research transfer strategies categorized by 3
features: target group, timing, and method.
2
Article
Country
Year
Objective
Description
Albrecht 2013 {Albrecht, 2013
1696 /id}
USA
2013
a checklist to operationalize the Workgroup
for Intervention Development and
Evaluation Research (WIDER)
recommendations which provide a
framework to identify and provide detailed
reporting of the essential components of
behavior change interventions in order to
facilitate replication, further development,
and scale-up of the interventions
framework for identifying and describing
behaviour change interventions including
detailed descriptions of the intervention,
change process and design principles,
intervention manuals/protocols, and active
control conditions
Powell 2012 {Powell, 2012 2237
/id}
USA
2012
presents a consolidated compilation of
discrete implementation strategies, based
on a review of 205 sources published
between 1995 and 2011.
68 implementation strategies and
definitions, which are grouped according to
6 key implementation processes: planning,
educating, financing, restructuring,
managing quality, and attending to the
policy context.
Table A2. Taxonomies to classify interventions.
Article
Country Year Objective
Abraham
2008{Abraham,
2008 5 /id}
UK
Taylor 2011{Taylor, USA
2011 20 /id}
2008 to develop and extend existing lists of content
components into a set of distinct, theory-linked
definitions of behavior change techniques (BCTs)
and, to test whether these definitions could be
used to reliably identify techniques included in
interventions on the basis of intervention
descriptions
2011 develop a taxonomy of which contextual features
which may be important determinants of the
efficacy of patient safety practice interventions
Description
26 BCTs with definitions and illustrative theoretical
frameworks.
4 domains: safety culture, teamwork and
leadership involvement; structural organizational
characteristics (e.g., size, organizational
complexity or financial status); external factors
(e.g., financial or performance incentives or
3
Article
Country Year
Objective
Description
regulations); availability of implementation and
management tools (e.g., training resources or
internal organizational incentives).
Leeman
2007{Leeman,
2007 44 /id}
USA
2007 linked existing taxonomies with relevant theories
to create a system for categorizing implementation
methods
Michie
2011{Michie, 2011
47 /id}
UK
Michie
2011{Michie, 2011
49 /id}
UK
2011 to extend the scope and improve the reliability of a
26-item taxonomy of behaviour change techniques
developed by Abraham and Michie in order to
optimize the reporting and scientific study of
behaviour change interventions
2011 to develop for the first time a reliable taxonomy of
behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used within
individual behavioural support for smoking
cessation
Lowe 2011{Lowe,
2011 54 /id}
AUS
2011 of a classification system (or taxonomy) of
interventions aiming to: (1) organize the range of
interventions to improve prescribing for and
medicines use by consumers in a meaningful way;
(2) define the range of interventions available in
order to improve sector-wide awareness and
understanding; and (3) provide an organized entry
point for decision makers to find evidence about
the effectiveness of a wide range of interventions.
taxonomy of 14 implementation methods in 5
categories: increasing coordination, raising
awareness, persuasion via interpersonal channels,
persuasion via reinforcing belief that behaviour
will lead to desirable results, increasing behavioral
control.
40-item taxonomy of BCTs for physical activity and
healthy eating behaviours
43-item taxonomy of BCTs classified into 4
functions (motivation; maximizing self-regulatory
capacity; promoting adjuvant activities; supporting
other BCTs) for individual behaviour support for
smoking cessation
8 categories based on the purpose of the
intervention (to inform and educate; to support
behaviour change; to teach skills; to facilitate
communication and/or decision making; to
support; to minimize risk and harms; to involve
consumers at the system level; and to improve
health care quality) with examples
4
Article
Country Year
Galbraith
2011{Galbraith,
2011 56 /id}
USA
Schulz
2010{Schulz, 2010
58 /id}
USA
Lamb 2011{Lamb,
2011 59 /id}
UK
Walter
2003{Walter I,
2003 60 /id}
UK
West 2006{West,
2006 61 /id}
UK
Objective
2011 process to identify core elements based on the
creation of a taxonomy [of evidence-based
behavioral interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention]
developed from a review of the literature and a
novel approach for describing core elements so
they are simple, measureable, achievable, resultsbased and tested
2010 present a taxonomy for describing intervention
protocols designed to help researchers
conceptualize needed elements of intervention
protocols and to enhance both the internal (e.g.,
understanding the active ingredients of
intervention components) and external validity
(e.g., replicating studies in real world settings) of
intervention research
2011 to develop a classification system to characterize
the major influential components of fall prevention
interventions and promote consistency of reporting
across international boundaries
2003 a taxonomy of interventions to enhance the impact
of research on public sector policy and practice
which has been developed by the Research Unit for
Research Utilization (RURU) at the University of St.
Andrews
2006 review on current and future tobacco control
efforts
Description
61 categories of core elements within 3 domains
(implementation, content, pedagogy)
delivery characteristics (domain) with 9
dimensions (mode; materials; location; schedule;
scripting; sensitivity to participant characteristics;
interventionist characteristics; adaptability; and
treatment implementation). Content and goals of
intervention (domain) with 2 dimensions
(treatment content strategies; mechanisms of
action)
4 domains with 9 sub-domains: Approach (aims,
selection criteria), Base (case identification, site of
delivery, individual(s) delivering intervention),
Components (assessments, intervention
combinations), and Descriptors (of test
intervention components, shall or control
interventions)
2-fold taxonomy of almost 200 intervention types
and 8 mechanisms (Dissemination, Education,
Social influence, Collaboration (between
researchers and users), Incentives, Reinforcement,
Facilitation, Multifaceted initiatives.)
EPICURE taxonomy of approaches to influencing
behaviour: Education; Persuasion; Inducements;
Coercion; Upskilling; Regulating access;
Empowerment
5
Article
Country Year
Objective
Shojania
2004{Shojania,
2004 68 /id}
USA
2004 a critical analysis of the existing literature on
quality improvement strategies for a selection of
20 disease and practice priorities
Mazza
2013{Mazza, 2013
69 /id}
AUS
2013 was to draft an implementation taxonomy and to
pilot its usefulness and feasibility as a tool for
classifying implementation strategies
Reisman
2005{Reisman,
2005 81 /id}
USA
2005 presents a taxonomy defining the field of transfer
of technologies in its entirety and delineating all of
its facets in a manner that is parsimonious yet
discriminating
Dogherty
2010{Dogherty,
2010 95 /id}
CAN
2010 to examine the current state of knowledge
surrounding the concept of facilitation as a role and
process in the implementation of research findings
within the nursing context
Gifford
2013{Gifford, 2013
342 /id}
CAN
2012 to pilot a leadership intervention designed to
influence nurses’ use of guideline
recommendations when caring for patients with
diabetic foot ulcers in home care nursing and
proposing a taxonomy of leadership behaviors
Description
list of 9 quality improvement strategies (provider
reminder systems; facilitated relay of clinical data
to providers; audit and feedback; provider
education; patient education; promotion of selfmanagement; patient reminder systems;
organizational change; financial incentives,
regulation, and policy) with key substrategies
(examples)
4 domains of intervention types (professional,
financial, organizational, and regulatory) with 49
implementation strategies (15 targeting health
professionals; 12 financial incentives (8 for
guideline implementers and 4 for patients); 18
organizational strategies (6 at an implementer
level, 3 at a patient level, and 9 at a structural
level); and 4 structural change strategies
attribute based taxonomy with 4 keys: Actors,
Transaction types, Motivations, Disciplines and
173 attributes.
taxonomy of facilitation interventions with 4 main
stages (planning for change, knowledge and data
management, monitoring progress and ongoing
implementation, and evaluating change) each with
associated activities
taxonomy of leadership behaviors to influence
guideline use categorized by relations, change,
and task-oriented
6
Article
Country Year
Objective
Evenboer
2012{Evenboer,
2012 358 /id}
NL
2012 to present an empirically developed taxonomy of
care for youth
taxonomy of interventions and their
characteristics used in the care of youth
Michie
2012{Michie, 2012
375 /id}
UK
2012
taxonomy of 42 BCTs; 13 addressed motivation, 12
addressed self-regulation, 2 performed adjuvant
functions and 15 addressed other aspects of the
interaction, such as general communication.
to develop a reliable taxonomy of behaviour
change techniques (BCTs) used in interventions to
reduce excessive alcohol consumption (not to treat
alcohol dependence)
Carlson
USA
2010{Carlson, 2010
571 /id}
2010 to identify, categorize, and evaluate performancebased health outcomes reimbursement schemes
between medical product manufacturers and
payers
Hardeman
2000{Hardeman,
2000 691 /id}
UK
Michie
2008{Michie, 2008
692 /id}
UK
2000 to describe the interventions aimed at the
prevention of weight gain; and to characterize the
target behaviours; the psychological models
underlying the interventions, behaviour change
methods and modes of delivery; the
methodological quality of the evaluation; the
characteristics of the participants; and the
outcomes of the studies
2008 illustrate methods for developing an extensive list
of behaviour change techniques (with definitions)
and for linking techniques to theoretical constructs.
Embry
2008{Embry, 2008
696 /id}
USA
2008 describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental
units of behavioral influence that appear to
underlie effective prevention and treatment for
children, adults, and families
Description
health outcomes-based schemes with
subcategories: conditional coverage; performancelinked reimbursement; coverage with evidence
development; only in research; only with research;
conditional treatment continuation; outcomes
guarantees; pattern or process of care
taxonomy with 3 features: underlying model,
behaviour change methods, and modes of delivery
list of 118 behaviour change techniques
52 kernels affecting behaviours by reinforcement,
altering antecedents, changing verbal relational
responding, or changing physiological states
directly
7
Article
Country Year
Geller 1990{Geller,
1990 704 /id}
USA
Objective
Description
1990 A framework for designing large-scale injury
control programs and for evaluating the impact of
such programs.
Table A3. Frameworks to classify interventions.
Article
Country
Year
a tripartite classification of injury control factors
(i.e. environmental, individual, or behavioral
variables); a heuristic framework for categorizing
and evaluating behavior change strategies; and a
taxonomy of 24 behavior change techniques
Objective
Description
Best 2008{Best, 2008 2
/id}
CAN
2008 to nurture common ground upon which to build
a platform for translating what we know about
cancer into what we do in practice and policy
matrix of domains of inquiry (individual,
organizational, and system/ policy) and types of
science (basic, clinical, and population) with
examples in each cell
Damshroder
2009{Damschroder,
2009 15 /id}
USA
Lavis 2006 {Lavis, 2006
19 /id}
CAN
2009 the Consolidated Framework For
Implementation Research (CFIR) offers an
overarching typology to promote
implementation theory development and
verification about what works where and why
across multiple contexts. The CFIR will help
advance implementation science by providing
consistent taxonomy, terminology, and
definitions on which a knowledge base of
findings across multiple contexts can be built
2006 develop a framework for assessing country-level
efforts to link research to action. The main
purpose of the framework is to inform country
level dialogues about the domains to which
attention could be directed in order to link
research to action.
5 major domains: intervention characteristics,
outer setting, inner setting, characteristics of the
individuals involved, and the process of
implementation. 8 constructs relate to the
intervention (e.g., evidence strength and
quality), 4 to outer setting (e.g., patient needs
and resources), 12 to inner setting (e.g., culture,
leadership engagement), 5 to individual
characteristics, and 9 to process (e.g., plan,
evaluate, and reflect)
a framework with 4 elements for assessing
country-level efforts to link research to action. 1
general climate. 2 production of research. 3 mix
of 4 clusters of activities used to link research to
action. 4 approaches to evaluation.
8
Article
Country
Year
Objective
Dy 2011 {Dy, 2011 21
/id}
USA
2011 Develop and evaluate a framework for
describing and classifying patient safety
practices.
Cane 2012 {Cane, 2012
46 /id}
UK
Michie 2011{Michie,
2011 48 /id}
UK
2012 to examine the content validity of the
Theoretical Domains Framework to confirm
optimal domain structure (number of domains),
domain content (component constructs in each
domain), and domain labels (most appropriate
names that best reflected the content of the
validated domain structure).
2011 review existing frameworks of behavioural
interventions and construct a framework of
behaviour change interventions
Dolan 2010 {Dolan, 2010
64 /id}
UK
2010 outline 9 robust influences on human behaviour
and underpinned by research from social
psychology and behavioural economics
Description
11 dimensions to describe key features:
regulatory versus voluntary; setting; feasibility;
individual activity versus organizational change;
temporal (one-time vs repeated/long-term);
pervasive versus targeted; common versus rare
events; PSP maturity; degree of controversy/
conflicting evidence; degree of behavioural
change required for implementation; and
sensitivity to context
refined version of the Theoretical Domains
Framework with 14 domains (e.g.. Knowledge,
skills, beliefs and capabilities,) and 84
component constructs (see Table 2)
Framework as a wheel: At the centre of the
proposed new framework is a ‘behaviour
system’ involving 3 conditions: capability,
opportunity, and motivation which forms the
hub of a ‘behaviour change wheel’ (BCW) around
which are positioned 9 intervention functions
aimed at addressing deficits in ≥1 of these
conditions; around this are 7 categories of policy
that could enable those interventions to occur
9 ways policy-makers can use to influence
behaviour: messenger; incentives; norms;
defaults; salience; priming; affect; commitments;
ego
9
Article
Country
Year
Objective
Century 2012 {Century,
2012 71 /id}
USA
2012 a conceptual framework for describing aspects
of implementation, a framework for describing
the factors that affect implementation, and
tools for measuring each
Dixon 2010 {Dixon, 2010
673 /id}
UK
Hendriks 2013{Hendriks,
2013 684 /id}
NL
2010 The Health Behaviour Change Competency
Framework (HBCC) orders the competences
described in the document Generic Health
Behaviour Change: A Comprehensive
Competency Framework into a hierarchy, to be
used to develop training programs for health
and other professionals
2013 to introduce a framework for the development
and implementation of integrated public health
policies
Stirman 2013 {Stirman,
2013 697 /id}
USA
Purdue 2005{Perdue,
2005 700 /id}
USA
2013 to develop a coding scheme to characterize
modifications made to evidence based
interventions when they are implemented in
contexts or with populations that differ from
that in which they were originally developed or
tested
2005 a conceptual overview of legal strategies,
applicable at the federal, state, and local levels,
that can be employed by healthcare providers,
public health practitioners, legislators, and
other policymakers for addressing the public
health burden of cardiovascular disease
Description
Innovation Implementation Framework:
categories of critical components (structural and
interactional); and Factor Conceptual
Framework: implementation process framework
that includes characteristics of the innovation,
individual users, and organization; strategies;
elements of the environment; and networks
hierarchical matrix of competency domains
(foundation, behaviour changes behaviour
change techniques) organized into 3 levels (low,
medium, and high intensity). Behaviour change
techniques according to motivation, action, and
prompted (cued) routes.
extension of the behaviour change wheel,
focusing on local policy makers as the target
population, adding a second function and a third
dimension (rolling ball) with core organizational
behaviours, and 4 concentric rings
classification system with coding in 5 areas: who
decided to make the modification; what was
modified (content, context [format, setting,
personnel, population], and to training and
evaluation processes), at what level of delivery,
and the nature of the content modification.
7 legal strategies for preventing cardiovascular
disease: direct regulation, economic incentives
and disincentives, indirect regulation through
private enforcement, government as information
provider, government as direct provider of
services, government as employer and landlord,
and laws directed at other levels of government.
10
Article
Country
Year
Objective
Description
Cohen 2000{Cohen,
2000 701 /id}
USA
2000 proposes a new taxonomy of only two major
categories of sexually transmitted disease/HIV
preventive interventions
matrix of 2 operational dimensions (individuallevel or structural level) and 4 functional
dimensions (intervention, individual level
effects, and population level effects)
Czaja 2003 {Czaja, 2003
1712 /id}
USA
2003 an alternative strategy that facilitates
decomposition of complex psychosocial and
behavioral interventions into their basic
observable elements
Goel 1996 {Goel 1996
703 /id}
USA
1996 a conceptual framework in which to analyze
factors that may affect retail pharmacy
behaviors, and suggests strategies which might
be used for changing pharmacy behaviors
matrix of functional domain (cognition
knowledge, cognition skills, behaviour, affect),
target entity (caregiver, care recipient,
sociophysical environment), and delivery system
characteristics
factors affecting behaviour: pharmacy factors,
client factors, physician practice, and regulatory
factors; and 4 strategies for behaviour change:
information, persuasion, incentives, coercion
11
Table A4. Other classification systems for interventions.
Article
Country Year Objective
Description
Proctor 2013
{Proctor, 2013
2236 /id}
USA
2013 propose specific standards for
characterizing implementation
strategies in sufficient detail
7 dimensions: actor, the action, action targets, temporality,
dose, implementation outcomes, and theoretical justification
Greenhalgh 2004
{Greenhalgh, 2004
24 /id}
UK
2004 summary of the findings of a systematic
literature review of the diffusion of
service innovations, focused on health
literature
conceptual model for considering determinants of diffusion,
dissemination, and implementation of innovations in health
service delivery and organization; constructs in the model in
Figure 3 can be used to describe interventions (e.g. systems
readiness, implementation process, etc.); intended as a
memory aid for considering the different aspects of a complex
situation and their many interactions
Keller 2004 {Keller,
2004 685 /id}
USA
2004 introduces the revised Intervention
Wheel and the evidence linking it to
practice
Intervention Wheel with 3 levels of practice (community,
systems, and individual/family) and 17 public health
interventions.
Ward 2010 {Ward,
2010 688 /id}
UK
2010 to produce a template to help
researchers, practitioners and decision
makers plan and evaluate initiatives for
transferring knowledge into action
Nuffeld 2007
{Nuffield Council
on Bioethics, 2007
705 /id}
UK
2007 describes different kinds of
intervention that may be used to
promote public health by public
authorities on an ‘intervention ladder’,
from the least to the most coercive or
intrusive measures
5 elements in the knowledge transfer process; identifying and
communicating about the problem which the knowledge
needs to address; analyzing the context which surrounds the
producers and users of knowledge; developing and selecting
the knowledge to be transferred; selecting specific knowledge
transfer activities or interventions; considering how the
knowledge will be used in practice.
proposed intervention ladder from the least to the most
coercive or intrusive measures: Do nothing or simply monitor
the current situation; Provide information; Enable choice;
Guide choices through changing the default policy; Guide
choices through incentives; Guide choice through
disincentives; Restrict choice
12