Animal Nutrition &
Feeding
A. List essential nutrients & their function
B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in
animals
C. Classify feed types and list examples and
characteristics
D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different
methods of feeding
E. Interpret a feed label
F. Balance a ration
YOUR
Food Guide Pyramid
Fill out a food guide
pyramid for everything
you have eaten in the
past 24 hours.
ANIMAL
Food Guide Pyramid
Fill out a food guide
pyramid for everything
your animals have eaten
in the past 24 hours.
A. List essential nutrients & their function
The Six Essential
Nutrients
• Protein
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Water
A. List essential nutrients & their function
The Six Essential Nutrients
Protein
 Needed for growth and repair
 Helps form MUSCLES, internal organs,
skin, hair, wool, feathers, hoofs and
horns
A. List essential nutrients & their function
The Six Essential Nutrients
Carbohydrates
 ENERGY
 The largest portion of the animal’s food
supply
 Include sugars, starch and cellulose
A. List essential nutrients & their function
The Six Essential Nutrients
Fats
 STORED Energy
 Insulation & Protection
A. List essential nutrients & their function
The Six Essential Nutrients
Vitamins
 Each serve a different function that
helps animals function properly
 Fat-soluble: dispersed and stored in
fat
 Vitamins A, D, E, and K
 Water-soluble: absorbed directly in
the blood. Excess exits through urine.
 Vitamins B and C
A. List essential nutrients & their function
The Six Essential Nutrients
Minerals
 Important for animal to maintain
health
 Each serves a different purpose
 Macrominerals (large amounts)
 Calcium, Potassium, Sodium
 Microminerals (trace amounts)
 Copper, Zinc, Iron
A. List essential nutrients & their function
The Six Essential Nutrients
Water
 Animal’s body is made up of 70%
water
 Necessary for proper organ function
 Vital to sustaining life
B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals
Are all animal’s dietary
requirements equal?......
NO!
B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals
Factors effecting nutritional needs:
1- Maintenance
•Gives energy for basic needs of keeping an
animal alive
-Every second an animal is alive it takes energy
•No loss or gain of weight
•Known as Basal Maintenance Requirement
•50% of animals diet is used for maintenance
B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals
Factors effecting nutritional needs:
2- Growth
• Young animals who are not fully grown
• Extra energy required to grow bones,
support organ systems, develop muscle,
etc.
• Need high levels of fats
and carbohydrates
B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals
Factors effecting nutritional needs:
3- Gestation & Lactation
(Gestation = Pregnancy, Lactation= milk production)
•Nutrition deficiencies are the most
common cause of reproductive failures
•Pregnancy requires higher levels of
nutrition and energy intake
(Especially at the end of pregnancy when the fetus is growing rapidly)
•Milk production requires
even more energy
(Especially calcium, phosphorus, protein)
B. Identify factors effecting nutrition requirements in animals
Factors effecting nutritional needs:
4- Work
•Animals used for heavy work, require
more energy
For Example: hunting dogs, draft horses, race
horses, etc.
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Which would you choose?
•Which one would TASTE better?
•Which serving would have the most CALORIES?
•1 Snickers bar = 266 calories
•1 cup broccoli = 30 calories
•To intake equal amounts of calories, which would
FILL YOUR STOMACH - 1 snickers bar OR 9 cups
of broccoli?
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
3 Types of Feed:
Roughage
Concentrates
Supplements
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Roughage
• Contains MORE than 18% Crude
Fiber
• Feed in HIGH quantities
• Contains MINIMAL energy per
pound of feed
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Examples…
Roughage
Dry Hay
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Examples…
Roughage
Corn
Silage
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Examples…
Roughage
Grass & Pasture
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Concentrates
•Contain LESS than 18% Crude Fiber
•Feed in SMALL quantities
•Contains HIGH amounts of energy
per pound of feed
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Examples…
Concentrates
Corn
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Examples…
Concentrates
Oats
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Examples…
Concentrates
Barley
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Examples…
Concentrates
Cotton Seed
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Examples…
Concentrates
Grain
Factoid: “Grain” is a general term for a
mixture of specific grains such as corn,
oats, barley, etc.
C. Classify feed types and list examples and characteristics
Supplements
•Vitamins & Minerals
D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding
2 Methods of Feeding Animals:
Free Access Scheduled
Feeding
•Allows animals
available feed to •Providing a specific
eat when they
amount of feed at a
want
certain time each day
D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding
Free Access Feeding
Pros
Cons
•Takes less time
•Problems noticed
MUCH slower
•Animal can eat
as much as it
wishes
•Some animals will
cause themselves
serious health
problems if they can
eat all they want
•More feed wasted
D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding
Scheduled Feeding
Pros
•More quality
care of animal
•Amount of feed
intake can be
controlled
-decrease feed bill
Cons
•Takes more time
D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding
How should you feed?
Free Access
Small Animals do well:
•Rabbits
•Guinea Pigs
•Small Rodents
Scheduled
•Horses, cows,
sheep, goats should
ALWAYS be fed
concentrates on a
schedule
•Any animal prone
to over eating
D. Compare benefits & disadvantages of different methods of feeding
Matching
With a partner of your choice, make a matching
game using the following terms and definitions:
•Protein
•Carbohydrate
•Fat
•Vitamin
•Mineral
•Water
•Maintenance
•Growth
•Work
•Gestation
•Roughage
•Concentrate
•Supplement
•Free Access
•Scheduled
Feeding
E. Interpret a feed label
Name of
Feed
List of
Nutrients
% Contained
List of
ingredients
Feeding
directions
Feed
company
E. Interpret a feed label
Feed Labels
•List nutrients contained in feed
•Give the % of each nutrient
•List ingredients
•Usually have some feeding
instructions
F. Balance a ration
How to Balance a
Ration
•Daily Intake must:
•Fill ‘em up
•Taste Good
•Provide required nutrients/energy
•Be the most cost effective
F. Balance a ration
Feed Ration Vocab
•Complete Feed
•Textured Feed
F. Balance a ration
Example…
A bred gilt requires a 13% protein
ration.
You have available1-Corn with 9% protein
2- cotton seed meal with 40 % protein
Find the number of pounds of corn and
CSM needed to make a 100lb ration.
F. Balance a ration
Pearson Square
Feed #1
Feed #1
Feed 2 - % CP Desired=
% Crude
Protein
Desired
Feed #2
Feed #2
Feed 1 - % CP Desired=
F. Balance a ration
Pearson Square-Steps
Feed #1:
Corn
9% CP
Feed #2
Cotton
Seed Meal
40% CP
#1: Label Feed Names & %
F. Balance a ration
Pearson Square-Steps
Feed #1:
Corn
9% CP
Feed #2
Cotton
Seed Meal
40% CP
Corn
Cotton
Seed Meal
#2: Transfer feed name straight across
F. Balance a ration
Pearson Square-Steps
Feed #1:
Corn
9% CP
Corn
13%
Feed #2
Cotton
Seed Meal
40% CP
Cotton
Seed Meal
#3: Fill in desired CP%
F. Balance a ration
Pearson Square-Steps
Feed #1:
Corn
9% CP
Corn
13%
Feed #2
Cotton
Seed Meal
40% CP
Cotton Seed
Meal
9-13= /4/
#4: Find Absolute value of
feed #1 and desired CP
F. Balance a ration
Pearson Square-Steps
Feed #1:
Corn
9% CP
Corn
40-13=27
13%
Feed #2
Cotton
Seed Meal
40% CP
Cotton Seed
Meal
9-13= /4/
#5: Find Absolute value of
feed #2 and desired CP
F. Balance a ration
Pearson Square-Steps
Corn
40-13=27
To mix a ration
Using Corn & Cotton Seed Meal…
Use:
27 parts Corn
4 parts Cotton Seed Meal
31 Total Parts
Cotton Seed
Meal
9-13= /4/
#6: Determine Total Parts
F. Balance a ration
Pearson Square-Steps
100 lbs / 31 total parts =
3.22 Pounds per part
#7: Translate “Parts” to
“Pounds”
F. Balance a ration
Pearson Square-Steps
27 parts Corn
27 * 3.22= 86.94 Pounds Corn
4 parts Cotton Seed Meal
4 * 3.22= 12.88
#8: Determine pounds of each
feed
F. Balance a ration
Your turn…
A 1400-pound cow in the second
trimester of pregnancy needs 8%
protein. She is given grass hay (6%
protein) and soybean meal (49.6%
protein)
Calculate how many pounds of each
feed is required to mix a 100 pound
ration of feed 8% CP feed
F. Balance a ration
Bell work…
A 1400-pound cow in the second
trimester of pregnancy needs 8%
protein. She is given grass hay (6%
protein) and soybean meal (49.6%
protein)
Calculate how many pounds of each
feed is required to mix a 100 pound
ration of feed 8% CP feed
F. Balance a ration
Nutrition Assn
Checkoff
Nutrition Wordsearch_____/5
Pearson Square Practice wkst_____/20
Feed Label 101 Packet_____/20
Unit 7: Feed Additives:_____/20
Pearson Square
• A 1400-pound cow in the second trimester of
pregnancy needs 6.9% protein. She is given
23.3 lbs of feed most of which is grass hay at
5.5% protein. How many pounds of soybean
meal (49.6% protein) should the cow be given
to make sure she receives 6.9% protein?
Sample Problem
• Formulate 600 lbs of a 26% CP ration using
CSM (54% CP) and Barley (8% CP).
What’s Being Asked?
• You have 2 different feeds on hand, each
containing a certain amount of protein. But for
your purposes, neither will suffice. You need
to mix them to make a new feed of a specific
amount protein. And you need to make 600
lbs of the new feed.
Solving…..using a Pearson Square
• These types of problems are easy….but you
have to use the Pearson Square.
– 1st set up the square (this will be the same every
time:
• 2nd, label the square:
Feed #1 goes here
Feed #1 also goes here
With its %CP
The %CP you
want goes here
Feed #2 goes here
Feed #2 also goes here
With its %CP
This is what it should look like:
CSM
CSM 54%
26%
Barley 8%
Barley
• 3rd, some simple subtraction…one feed at a
time.
• Subtract going diagonally: #1. CSM (54) – 26 = 28% Barley:
CSM
CSM 54%
26%
Barley 8%
28 parts Barley
• 4th, do the same calculation for the second
feed.
• Subtract on the other diagonal: Barley (8%) – 26 = -18 % CSM.
But just use the absolute value….ignore the negative sign:
18 parts CSM
CSM 54%
26%
Barley 8%
28 parts Barley
• 5th, add up total parts CSM and Barley for the new
feed:
CSM 18%
CSM 54%
26%
Barley 8%
+
Barley 28%
46 total (18 + 28 = 46)
Wait….What’s going on?
• We just calculated what percent of our new ration
will be CSM and Barley: of the total amount of new
feed, it will be 28 parts Barley and 18 parts CSM.
Now we have to determine how many pounds of
each this correlates to. Once we know that, we can
mix our feeds together.
• So from the square, we know that in our
final feed we need:
– 28 parts Barley
– 18 parts CSM
• We also know from the problem that we
need 600 lbs of the new feed.
– This is the easy part!
Just convert parts to %:
• Remember the formula for percentage:
– Part/whole x 100 = %part
• Barley:
– 28 parts / 46 total parts x 100 = 60.87%
• CSM:
– 18 parts / 46 total parts x 100 = 39.13 %
Then convert % to lbs:
• Now we know what % of final feed will be barley and
CSM, and from the problem, we know we want 600
total lbs of feed. We just need to figure out how many
lbs of each this means!
– Barley: 600 lb x .6087 = 365.22 lbs!
– CSM: 600 lb x .3913 = 234.78 lbs!
– This is your answer! You need to mix 365.22 lbs barley and
234.78 lbs CSM to make your mix!
Bell Quiz:
1.List all 6 essential nutrients that an
animal should have
2.Name 3 factors that effect an
animal’s nutrition needs
3.What is the definition of a
roughage? Give an example.
4.What is the definition of a
concentrate? Give an example.
Bell Quiz:
1.What is the definition of “free
feeding?”
2.What is the definition of
“scheduled feeding?”
3.Name a pro and a con for each
method of feeding
4.Compare and contrast roughages
and concentrates
Bell Quiz:
List each species of animal you have
ever owned and tell me what you
feed it and how much it gets daily
Let’s Check the Answer
• Barley: we determined 365.22 lbs needed; and from
the problem we know that our barley is 8% CP;
– 365.22 x 0.08 = 29.22 lb CP
• CSM: we determined 234.78 lbs needed; from the
problem we know CSM is 54% CP;
– 234.78 x 0.54 = 126.78
• These two answers should add to give the percent CP
we were looking for:
– 29.22 + 126.78 = 156
– 156 lb CP / 600 total lb feed x 100 = 26% CP
Ready for another one?
• A zelephant is on a feed that requires a ration
containing 55% TDN. The TDN of two feeds,
alfalfa hay and corn, are 89% and 22%,
respectively. Determine the amounts of each
feed necessary (in units/300 lbs) to meet the
TDN requirement of the zelephant.
Answer
Alfalfa Hay 89%
33 parts Alfalfa Hay
55%
Corn 22%
34 parts Corn
67 total parts
Alfalfa: 33 parts / 67 total x 100 = 49.25%; 300 lbs x .4925 =147.75 lbs
Corn: 34 parts / 67 total x 100 = 50.75%; 300 lbs x .5075 = 152.25 lbs
Check the answer:
alfalfa: 147.75lbs x .89 TDN = 131.49 lb TDN
corn: 152.25 lbs x .22 TDN = 33.49 lb TDN
131.49 + 33.49 = 164.98 total TDN / 300 lb feed x 100 = 55% TDN
15% Show Beef Grower
with STEAM FLAKED SOYBEANS -MEDICATED-
For show steers in confinement
ACTIVE DRUG INGREDIENT
Lasalocid Sodium.....................................40 gm/ton(30mg/lb)
(For increased rate of weight gain in pasture cattle (slaughter, stocker,
feeder cattle and dairy and beef replacement heifers.)
GUARANTEED ANALYSIS
Crude Protein .......(min)......................................15.0 %
Crude Fat ...........(min).......................................3.50 %
Crude Fiber .........(max).........................................10 %
Calcium .............(min).....0.60 %.....(max)...............1.1 %
Phosphorus ..........(min).......................................0.50 %
Selenium ............(min)......................................0.40 ppm
Zinc ................(min)...........................................60 ppm
Manganese........(min)...........................................60 ppm
Cooper..............(min)...........................................10 ppm
Vitamin A ...........(min)....................................12,000 IU/lb
Vitamin D ...........(min)......................................2,000 IU/lb
Vitamin E ...........(min)...........................................30 IU/lb
FEEDING DIRECTIONS
Feed continuously to provide not less than 60 mg nor more than 300
mg/head/day.
WARNING: A withdrawal period has not been established for this product
in pre-ruminating cattle. Do not feed to calves being fed for veal.
CAUTION: The safety of Lasalocid Sodium in unapproved species has not
been established. Do not allow horses or other equine access to Laslaocid
Sodium as ingestion may be fatal. Keep clean fresh water available at all
times. FOR RUMINANTS ONLY
Complete Horse
IFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS are large pellets
that are formulated to be the sole and complete feed for
most horses. No additional hay is required. IFA
COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS are easily digested by
horses.
AFeed approximately 1- 1 ½ lbs / 100 lbs of body
weight/day. (A horse weighing 1,000 lbs should be
fed from 10 – 15 lbs of IFA COMPLETE HORSE
PELLETS/day).
BSplit the total ration amount into two equal feedings. The
amount of feed should be varied according to the activity
level of the horse. IFA COMPLETE HORSE PELLETS are
balanced and contain all the nutrients that a horse requires.
ANALYSIS
Crude Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 13.0%
Lysine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.6%
Crude Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 3.0%
Crude Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . 20.0%
Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.4%
Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . 0.9%
Phosphorous . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.5%
Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 0.2%
Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . 0.7%
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 15 ppm
Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 110 ppm
Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . 0.5 ppm
Vitamin A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 3,000 IU/lb
Vitamin D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 500 IU/lb
Vitamin E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min . . . . . . 50 IU/lb