• Ecology-study of the interactions among organisms and other organisms, their environment
(surroundings)
– Biosphere-Portions of the planet in which life exists
– Lithosphere (geosphere)-rocks, minerals, soil, deposits
– Atmosphere-any of the gaseous layer of our Earth
– Hydrosphere-Water in any form, groundwater, surface water, oceans
– Anthroposphere-human impact upon the Earth, pollution

• Geosphere (Lithosphere)
– Examples
– Interactions
• Atmosphere
– Examples
– Interactions
• Hydrosphere
– Examples
– Interactions
• Biosphere
– Examples
– Interactions

• Virus
• Atoms
• Tissue
• Ecosystem
• Prokaryotic/Organelles
• Biosphere
• Earth Planet
• Molecules/Compounds
• Quarks, Lepton, Neutrinos
• Populations
• Eukaryotic
• Organ Systems
• Community
• Organs
• Eukaryotic Cells
• Organisms / species
• Biomes
• Electrons,
Protons/Neutrons

• Virus
• Quarks, Leptron,
Neutrinos
• Electrons
• Proton, Neutrons
• Atoms
• Molecules, compounds
• Prokaryotic cells
/Organelles
• Eukaryotic cells
• Tissue
• Organs
• Organ Systems
Species/Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem Planet
Biomes Solar System
Biosphere Galaxy
Universe

• Observing-Recording information and data
– Reimenschneider, Road Kill: Grandpa/Diary:
Diamondback Terrapins
• Experimenting-Testing hypothesis,
– Six legged frogs
– LD-50, concentration, exposure
• Modeling-Setting up models, computers or simulations, using data or observations
– “Day After Tomorrow” scenario

Autotrophs
Producers
Producers
Photosynthetic
-Plants
-Bacteria
-Algae
Heterotrophs, Consumers
Consumers
Primary consumers,
Herbivores
Chemosynthetic
Secondary consumers,
Omnivores
Tertiary consumers,
Carnivores
Parasites
Decomposers,
Detritus feeders
Decomposers
Saprophytes
Detritovores

AutotrophsMakes their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients and environmental Energy
Hetertrophs-Must feed on organic matter for energy
Consumers
Decomposers
Detritus Feeders
Photosynthetic
Plants
Photosynthetic
Bacteria
Chemosynthetic
Bacteria
Primary Consumers
Herbivores
Omnivores
Decomposers
Secondary Consumers
Carnivores
Detritus Feeders
Parasites

Autotrophs-Makes their own nutrients and environmental Energy
Photosynthetic
Plants, Tulips,
Oak, Grass,
Photosynthetic
Bacteria
Nostoc
Chemosynthetic
Bacteria
E.Coli,
Consumers
Decomposers
Detritus Feeders
Primary Consumers
Herbivores, Cows, Mice
Omnivores Bears,
Humans, Pig, fish, birds
Decomposers
Bacteria, Fungi
Secondary Consumers
Carnivores, Wolves,
Earthworms, Beetles
Parasites
Detritus Feeders
Tapeworms, Malaria, roundworms

• The Ultimate source of energy on Earth is the SUN.
• Autotroph-Organisms that use energy from the environment to fuel assembly of complex compounds
• Producers Organisms that makes their own energy
– Photosynthesis is the conversion of solar energy into carbohydrates.
– Chemosynthesis conversion of the energy stored in inorganic compounds

• 2 liters of water is all the sunshine an area gets
• 1-2% Passed to Producers(100 ml)
• 10 % of that energy is passed to the Herbivores, or 1 st order consumers
• 10 % of that energy is passed to the Omnivores, or 2 nd order consumers
• 10 % of that energy is passed to the carnivores, or 3 rd order consumers.
• Compare this to a Pyramid, shape and what happens at each level.

• Photosynthesis-conversion of solar energy into carbohydrates
• Chlorophyll in chloroplasts
• Plants, algae, bacteria
• 6CO2 + 12H2O (chlorophyll sunlight) ->
C6H1206 +6 O2 + 6H20

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Light
Water
CO2
O2
Sugars

• The process of cells using glucose to produce Energy and CO2
• In higher organisms the Mitochondria is the site of oxidation/reduction reactions
• The energy of the glucose is converted into chemical bonds in Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
• Overall formula C6H12O6 + O2
Mitochondria -> CO2 + H2O+ Energy

• Chemosynthesis-Organisms that convert bond energy into complex molecules
(carbohydrates)
• Bacteria convert Iron into Iron oxide (rust)

• Heterotrophs, Consumers-organisms that must intake food
• Herbivores-Primary Consumers-organisms that only eat plants
• Carnivores-Second or Third Order Consumers, organisms that only eat meat
• Omnivores-all eaters
• Detritovores-organisms that eat dead or decaying material, earthworms
• Decomposers- Organisms that break down dead or decayiong material
• Saprophyte-organism that breaks down dead organisms, or decaying material

• 1.Decomposers-
• 2.Producer
• 3.Heterotrophs,
• 4.Detritovores-
• 5.Herbivores-
• 6.Carnivores-
• 7.Omnivores-
• 8.Second or Third Order Consumers
• 9.Consumers-
• 10.Autotroph
• 11.Primary Consumer
• 12.Saprophyte-

• 1.Decomposers-
• 2.Producer
• 3.Heterotrophs,
• 4.Detritovores-
• 5.Herbivores-
• 6.Carnivores-
• 7.Omnivores-
• 8.Second or Third Order Consumers
• 9.Consumers-
• 10.Autotroph
• 11.Primary Consumer
• 12.Saprophyte-

• Symbiosis 2 organisms living together
– Parasite / Host / Vector (+, -, 0)
– Mutualism (+ +)
– Commensalism (+ 0)
– Amensalism (0 0)
– Scavenger-Animal that eats dead or dying organisms
– Predator / prey (+ -)

• Tapeworms/humans
• Commensalism • Termites /flagellates
• Remora/sharks
• Mutualism • Lynx/hare
• Parasitism
• Predator/prey
• Flea/dog
• Lichen
• Bees/Apple trees
• Moose/wolves
•
E.coli
/humans

Consumed
Digested
Energy for
Heat
Metabolism
Growth, Repair
Wastes
Undigested Wastes
Not Consumed
Consumed-eaten
Digested-broken down
Undigested-excreted
Not consumed-bones, hooves, hair
Wastes-spit, bile, biliverden

• Food Chains-a simple link of producer to consumer. A relative list of who eats who
• Food Webs-Food chains put together
• Trophic Levels-Consumers that are eaten by other consumers and the levels they occupy in a food web

Bird
Grass
Decomposers
Snake
Frog
Grasshopper
1.How many Food chains are in the food web?
2.What organism is an herbivore?
3.What organism is an autotroph?
4.What organism is a third order heterotroph?
5.Which organisms belong to more than one food chain?
6.Which organism is an omnivore?
7.Which organism belongs to more than one trophic level?
8.What are decomposers?
9.What does a pyremid of energy show about the amount of energy available at different levels?
10.Why do different trophic levels have different amounts of energy?

Bird
Grass
Decomposers
Snake
Frog
Grasshopper
1.How many Food chains are in the food web?
2.What organism is an herbivore?
3.What organism is an autotroph?
4.What organism is a third order heterotroph?
5.Which organisms belong to more than one food chain?
6.Which organism is an omnivore?
7.Which organism belongs to more than one trophic level?
8.What are decomposers?
9.What does a pyramid of energy show about the amount of energy available at different levels?
10.Why do different trophic levels have different amounts of energy?

• The Pyramid shape is due to the fact that less and less is passed to the next level.
• Energy Pyramid-amount of energy in the organisms and how they get their energy
• Biomass Pyramid-the dry organic matter
• Pyramid numbers-how many organisms are at each level

•
Biogeochemical cycles
• The cycles show how materials cycle through our Earth, through living organisms and abiotic factors.
• In accordance with the Law of conservation of matter. Matter is not created or destroyed but transfer to another type.

• Rock over time be converted from one type to another.
• Igneous-magma as it cools crystallizes, and hardens.
• Sedimentary-when sediments collect and harden over time by pressure and heat.
• Metamorphic-when a rock is altered by natural processes to form a different type of rock.
• Processes
– Erosion
– Heating/cooling
– Pressure
– Compaction/cementation

• Water is the most important chemical on Earth.
• Water has unique properties and is vital for life.
Over 70 % of the Earths surface is water.
• Processes-
– Evaporation
– Condensation
– Sublimation
– Transpiration

• Nutrients are used to build tissue, and carry out life processes. Vitamin, minerals small amounts needed everyday.
• Material is limited in a usable state, and must be recycled, and used again and again.
• In a terrestrial ecosystem Nitrates are the limiting factor.
• In an aquatic ecosystem, Phosphate are the major limiting factor.

• X: Limestone ->BurOak
(root, flower, acorn)->deer
-> Indian -> Soil -
>Bluestem (root, Leaves) -
> Deer-Mouse nest -> soil
-> sideoats (granma) -> buffalo (chip) -> soil -
>spiderwort ->rabbit-> owl ->Sporobolus ->
FIRE ->

• Sometimes called a Carbon Oxygen cycle.
• Life on Earth is carbon based.
• CO2 in the air, CO2 water

• Nitrogen is the major limiting factor for terrestrial plants. Up to a point this seems to be the factor that determines if plants reach their maximum potential (maximum size, productivity)
• Nitrogen fixation
• Denitrofication

• Phosphorous is the major limiting factor for aquatic plants.
• Phosphorous has no gas phase.