Chapter 15
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Medieval Times – studied ancients and church
traditions
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Renaissance – advances in learning
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Reformation – challenged the church
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1.) Recognizing the inadequacy of existing knowledge
to explain a given question.
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2.) Gathering observations in an attempt to find
possible answers.
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3.) Seeking to find a patter in the observations upon
which to base conclusions or theories.
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4.) Choosing the most appropriate conclusion to
explain the observations.
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5.) Verifying the derived conclusion by further
observation and experimentation.
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Scientific method answers “how”, not “why”
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Telescopes, microscopes, thermometer,
barometer
Calculus, analytical geometry, logarithms,
side rule
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Increased man’s knowledge of physical world
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Questioned Earth being center of universe
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Geocentric vs Heliocentric
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Tried as a heretic
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Orbits are elliptical
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Click here to watch video
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Physics
Discovered pendulums keep time –
grandfather clocks
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Improved telescopes
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Tried as heretic, but recanted
Click Here to watch
video of how a
pendulum clock
works!
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Astronomy, Physics, Mathematics
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“White Light” is a prism of color
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Reflecting telescope
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Gravity, and orbital gravity
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Principia - 1687
Click Here to Watch Video on
Centrifugal Force
Click here to watch
another really cool video!!!
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On the Fabric of the Human Body
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Used cadavers
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“Father of Anatomy”
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Name means “better than Celsus”
Believed in using chemicals since bodies are
largely chemical in nature.
Wrong in many ways,
but made many advances
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“Father of Experimental Biology”
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Studied heart and circulatory system
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Discovered heart pumps
Liver and heart do not make different bloods
Blood is not “consumed” but “circulated”
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Smallpox Vaccination!
Studied milkmaids. If they got cowpox, they
did not get smallpox
“Vaccination” comes from “Vaccinia” meaning
“Cowpox” in Latin
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“Father of Modern Chemistry”
Logical, not fanciful,
names for chemicals.
Law of conservation
of matter
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His microscopes x160!
Discovered microbes
and bacteria
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Mercator Projection
◦ A way to map earth on a flat surface.
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Used to believe in alchemy
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Now analyze chemicals for the properties
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Law of inverse gas pressure – “Boyle’s Law”
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Avid Christian
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Discovered Ammonia, oxygen, nitrous oxide
(laughing gas), hydrochloric acid, and carbon
dioxide
Sodas!
Experimented with electricity because of
Benjamin Franklin
Section 2
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Scientific Method applied to study of man and
truth
Intellectual movement known as
Enlightenment
Rationalism – reason was only true source of
knowledge and truth
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Inductive Reasoning
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Deductive Reasoning
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Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) English
Philosopher
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Novum Organum – criticized old methods for
finding conclusions.
◦ Hated generalizations
◦ Questioned everything
◦ Observation and experimentation
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Inductive Reasoning – Reasoning from
specific cases to a general conclusion
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Rene Descartes (1596-1650) – French
Philosopher and mathematician
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Man can be deceived by senses….thus
observations are inaccurate.
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He doubted everything
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Deductive Method – Reasoning from General to
Specific
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“I doubt, therefore I think; I think, therefore I
am.”
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Inductive and deductive reasoning were vital
elements of the scientific method, helping
scientists to understand the natural world.
But could these same reasoning processes be
applied to the study of man and society?
Through reason, could man comprehend the
spiritual realm? And what was the
relationship between the physical and
spiritual worlds? Philosophers of the 17th
century sought answers to these questions.
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Dualism – “two”
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Spiritual and Physical
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Cannot reason God, but can reason the
physical
Believed only in reason
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Mathematical deduction to develop ideas
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Pantheism
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Did not view God as separate from his
creation, nor a personal being
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Empiricism – all knowledge comes through
experience
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Babies are blank tablets – Tabula Rasa
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Rejected original sin, people basically good
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Philosophers – thinkers and social reformers
◦ Challenged established values and institutions
◦ Religion was restrictive
◦ Secular society, religious toleration, freedom of
speech, natural rights of all men
◦ Believed in perfectibility
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Believed in natural and unalienable rights
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Two Treatises of Government – base of
government is consent of the governed
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Saw England as symbol of political freedom
Separation of three powers: the executive, the
legislative, and the judicial
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The Spirit of Laws
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Influenced America
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Wit and criticism
Fought against religious and political
intolerance
Hated organized religion
Religion ruled by reason
Freedom of the press
Attacked arbitrary rule of kings and
nobles….thus kicked out of many countries
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Encyclopedie
Favored emotions over reason
Ideas about how children should be raised,
but abandoned own children
“Father of Romanticism”
Sets ground for the Romantic Age
Men should do as they please
Man is good
The Social Contract – favored democracy
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Reason over Scripture
Believed man not born in sin
Deism –
◦ God set the world into motion…then left it
Section 3
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Pietism
CFW Walther….you don’t need to know this
guy
◦ Pia Desideria (“Pious Wishes”)
◦ Collegia pietatis (“assemblies of piety”)
◦ University of Halle
◦ Missions
◦ Persecuted
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Moravians – formed through Huss
◦ Reestablished 1722
◦ John Wesley
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However….Pietists exalted experience above
doctrine
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Rampant Immorality
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Oxford Methodists
Savannah, GA!
Moravian conversion
Persecuted
What was his daily routine?
Methodist had 630 preachers, 175,000
members!
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1.) Broke apathetic attitudes
2.) Domestic reform
3.) Missions
4.) Improved moral condition of England
5.) Restrained social upheaval
6.) Christian education
7.) Sunday schools
8.) Encouraged production of good Christian
literature and music
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Anglican minister
Came to America 7 times
His efforts helped further the Great
Awakening in America
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Puritans
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Started strong
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1740-1742
Whitefield and other missionaries
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Yale
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Student and writer
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“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” –
1741, Enfield, Connecticut
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“Father of English Hymnody”
Hymns should be doctrinally sound and easily
understood
“When I Survey the Wondrous Cross”
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1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
Up to 50,000 New Englanders converted
Over 150 churches established
Mission work, saving Indians
Schools for ministers, Princeton Univ.
Brought different denominations together
Section 4
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Mannerism – 16th century
◦ Reflected political and social tension of Reformation
◦ Distortion and exaggeration
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Greek
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Varied and captures mood
Negative, deformed, theatrical, ornamental
Grand, dynamic, heroic, active, sensual,
emotional
Began with architecture
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Roman plazas and colonnades
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Painting, studied High Renaissance
Had to have assistants
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Greatest Dutch painter
Gold and warm browns
Light and dark
Psychological insight into man’s nature
Sought to convey a message
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“A Pebble”
French, interior décor
Delicate, feminine, “whispers”
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Frivolous, decadent, artificial court life
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Emulated the Enlightenment
Resembles Greece and Rome
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1.)
2.)
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5.)
6.)
Polyphony vs Homophony
secular music
opera, ballet, and oratorio
Instrument construction, orchestra
instrument accompanied vocals
Italian musical markings
◦ Staccato, Crescendo, etc.
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Italian
Orfeo – 1607
Click here to listen to a clip from Orfeo
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“English”, German immigrant
Oratorios
Messiah
Click here to listen to “The Hallelujah Corus”
from Handel’s Messiah.
Performed in Dublin,
◦ attended by George II
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composed and conducted for Lutheran
church
JJ – Jesu Juva “Jesus help”
SDG – Soli Deo Gloria “to the glory of God
alone”
Cantatas
More works than we ever knew!
Click here to listen to a clip from Passion
According to St. Matthew
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1750-early 1800s
From elaborate to elegance with precision,
clarity, and emotional restraint
Reflects Enlightenment
Favorite pastime.
Piano!
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Austrian
“Father of Symphony”
Click here to listen to Haydn’s Symphony No.
94, 'Surprise', 2nd movement
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Composing by 5, performed for royalty at 6
Genius!
Fame to an unmarked grave?
Click here to listen to "The Commendatore
Scene" from Don Giovanni
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Classical to Romantic
Click here to listen to Moonlight Sonata
movement 2
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Imitation of Greeks and Romans
Rules of Literature
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Playwright
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Age of Reason, Age of Satire!
Popular Phrases
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English Satirist
Gulliver’s Travels
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Robinson Crusoe
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Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire