Vulnerability of Food Systems
IGP 2 (Site-Ludhiana)
Issues


Estimating incidence and depth of food
insecurity
Examining determinants of food insecurity
Sample




Rural households were classified on the basis of
land ownership
Urban households were classified on the basis of
income
Total Sample: Rural areas 130 (from 3 villages
representing 3 development blocks)
Urban Areas: Sample Size 132 (collected from
different areas of Ludhiana city representing
different income groups)
Distribution of Sample
Rural Area
Urban Area
Household
Category
Sample
Size
Household Category
Rs/month/capita
Sample
Size
1. Landless Agri
Labour
29
1. Industrial Labour
(below 750)
34
2. Small (Below 5
acres)
Av. – 3.48 acres
24
2.
28
3. Medium (5.01 to
10 acres)Av.- 7.0 acres
24
3. Low Salaried (1200-2300)
24
4. Large (Above 10
acres)
Av.- 21.5 acres
26
4. Medium Salaried ( 2300-5000)
17
5. Others (Service
& Shopkeepers)
27
5. Upper Middle (5000-14000)
17
6.
12
Small Vendors and Petty
Traders ( 750-1200)
Industrialists and
Traders (above 14000)
Large
Method of Measurement


Incidence of food insecurity
IFI=FIH/TH*100
IFI=Incidence of food insecurity
FIH=No. of food insecure households
TH=Total number of households
Depth of food insecurity was measured by estimating
average food insecurity gap of food insecure households
=(Σ(TCRi-TCCi)/TCRi)/FIH


TCRi=Total calorie requirement for ith food insecure
household
TCCi=Total calorie consumption by ith food insecure
household
Two way tables were constructed to identify the factors
influencing food systems
LOGIT model may be used to identify and quantify the
factors influencing the food insecurity
Agro-Ecological Zones of the Punjab
Land use pattern of Ludhiana district, 2003-04
Item
Unit
Ludhiana
Punjab
Geographical area
000' ha
368
5036
Net cultivated area
000' ha
306
4201
Gross cropped area
000' ha
605
7905
Cropping intensity
%
197.7
188.2
Forest area
000' ha
10
293
Rice
000' ha
241
2614
Wheat
000' ha
257
3444
Wheat+Rice area
000' ha
498
6058
% of GCA
%
82.3
76.6
Source: Economic and Statistical Organization, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh.
Productivity, Production and Procurement of foodgrains, 2003-04
Item
Unit
Ludhiana
Punjab
Average Productivity
Wheat
kg/ha
4747
4207
Rice
kg/ha
4342
3694
Wheat
000' tons
1220
14489
Rice
000' tons
1047
9656
Wheat
000' tons
720
9063
Rice
000' tons
1096
9003
Wheat
%
59.0
62.6
Rice
%
104.7
93.2
Production
Procurement
Procurement as % of
production
Factors affecting productivity and production of foodgrains, 2003-04
Item
Unit
Ludhiana
Punjab
Irrigated area
Total
000 ha
306
4028
Per cent
%
100
96
Tubewell irrigated area
000 ha
297
3019
Tractors
Total
No.
45939
459424
Per 000' ha of NSA
No.
150
109
Total
000' ton nutri
140
1543
Per ha of NSA
kg
458
367
Regulated markets
No.
13
144
Market sub-yards
No.
42
519
Av. No. of villages served/regulated mkt.
No.
70
86
Fertilizer use
Institutional credit disbursed(2004-05)
Total
Rs million
6570
61530
Per ha of NSA
Rs
21475
14647
Water table depth (meters) in Ludhiana
Year
Ludhiana
Central belt
Punjab
1981
6.79
5.86
6.85
1985
7.26
6.93
7.42
1990
8.3
8.27
7.93
1995
9.54
9.77
8.97
2001
10.01
11.44
9.93
3.22
5.58
3.08
Fall
Deficiency of micro nutrients in Ludhiana and other central districts
of Punjab state
% sample deficient
District
Ludhiana
Sangrur
Amritsar
Patiala
Zinc
Cu
Ferrous
Manganese
1970
56
0
0
2
2004
7
2
7
22
1990
71
4
7
0
2000
14
0
18
35
1984
47
0
0
0
2001
22
0
4
12
1985
23
1
4
2
2002
16
0
5
3
Food Production in Ludhiana
(Thousand tonnes)
Year
Rice
Wheat
Pulses
Milk
Fruits
Vegetabl
es
1970-71
9
780
8.4
200
NA
NA
1980-81
356
838
7.2
341
25.9
138.8
1990-91
826
1148
8.9
512
39.5
155.8
2001-02
916
1304
3.4
952
18.6
210.1
2003-04
1047
1220
4.2
913
22.1
211.3
Per Capita Availability of Wheat in Ludhiana (Kg/Month)
50.0
Availability
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
1981
1991
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
Year
Availability
Per Capita Availability of Pulses in Ludhiana
(Kg/Month)
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
1981
1991
2000-01
2001-02
Year
2002-03
2003-04
Per Capita Availability of Milk in Ludhiana (Kg/Month)
30.0
Availability
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
1981
7.0
1991
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
Per Capita Availability of Fruits and Vegetables in Ludhiana
(Kg/Month)
6.0
Vegetables
Availability
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
Fruits
1.0
0.0
1981
1991
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
Supply Chains of Major Foods
Supply Chain for Wheat in Punjab
PRODUCER
Consumer
(15%)
Primary Wholesalers
(7.5%)
Flour Mills (5%)
Secondary Wholesalers
Public Procurement
Agencies (70-75%)
Flour Mills
Fair Price Shops
Retailer
Retailer
CONSUMER
Supply Chain for Rice in Punjab
PRODUCER
Consumer
(1%)
Millers
(24-25%)
Primary Wholesalers
(7.5%)
Secondary Wholesalers
Millers
Public
Procurement
Agencies (75%)
Public Agency
(75%)
Wholesaler
Fair Price Shops
Retailer
CONSUMER
Flour Mills
Retailer
Supply Chain for Potatoes in Punjab
POTATO PRODUCER
Wholesaler /
Commission
Agent
Collector (works
SubWholesaler
(Phariwala)
on the behalf of the
commission agent or
the WS of the distant
market)
Wholesaler / CA
Storage
(Hired)
(Punjab) (after
storage)
Processor
Traders from
Retailer
other states
Large /distant
Market
(Repackaging
may also be done)
Farmer
Consuming
Markets
Consumer
Supply Chain for Green Peas in Punjab
FARMERS
Contract Farming
Secondary
wholesaler
Retailer
Processor
CONSUMER
Supply Chain for Tomatoes in Punjab
TOMATO PRODUCER
Secondary
wholesaler
Processor
Retailer
Exports ( <1%)
Consumer
Distant Markets
Supply Chain for Kinnow in Punjab
FARMER
Consolidator
Distant Markets
(farmer himself
takes the produce
to distant markets)
Pre Harvest
Contractor
Local Markets
(in bulk or after packaging)
Local Market
Wholesaler
Retailer
Distant markets
(viz. Delhi,
Calcutta, Bombay,
Bangalore &
Jammu)
Small size produce
after grading
Consumer
Consumer
Small juicing
plants
Processor
Price Variability in Important Vegetables (April 2004-March 2006)
1000
800
600
400
200
ju
ne
onion
au
gu
st
oc
to
be
r
de
ce
m
be
r
fe
bu
ra
ry
potato
ap
ril
fe
b
au
gu
st
oc
to
be
r
de
ce
m
be
r
ju
ne
0
ap
ril
Price (Rs/100Kg)
1200
Tomato
Price Variability in Important Vegetables (April 2004-March 2006)
Green peas
capsicum
ap
ril
jun
e
au
gu
st
oc
to b
er
de
ce
mb
er
feb
ur
ary
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
ap
ril
jun
e
au
gu
st
oc
to b
er
de
ce
mb
er
feb
Price (Rs/100Kg)
Okra
Price Variablity in Important Fruits (April 2004-March 2006)
mango
guava
kinnow
grapes
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
fe
b
ap
ril
jun
e
au
gu
st
oc
to
be
de
r
ce
m
be
r
fe
bu
ra
ry
0
ap
ril
jun
e
au
gu
st
oc
to
be
de
r
ce
m
be
r
Price (Rs/100Kg)
3000
Price spread in food
(Between producer and consumer)

Larger the producer share in consumer rupee,
lower the price spread
Producer share in consumer rupee (%)
-Wheat: Rural: 100%; Urban: 65-75%
-Rice: Both: 60-70%
-Pulses: 50-60%
-Milk: Rural: 100%; Urban: 50-60%
-Fruits and Veges: 25-35%

Punjab
NSS Round
Consumption item
32nd
(197778)
55th
(19992000)
59th
(2003)
60th
(Sch. 1)
(2004)
Rural
Total cereals
26.7
19.02
17.91
17.98
Pulses and pulse products
4.81
5.79
4.9
4.57
Milk and milk products
33.5
32.94
34.96
35.88
Edible oil
5.0
5.68
7.8
8.72
Meat, Egg and Fish
1.83
1.45
1.02
0.75
Vegetable & fruits
7.13
12.11
12.75
11.39
Others
21.0
22.9
20.04
20.69
Food total
100
100
100
100
Food total (Rs./capita/month)
NA
388
402.6
431.76
Punjab
NSS Round
Consumption item
32nd
(197778)
55th
(19992000)
59th
(2003)
60th (Sch.
1) (2004)
Urban
Total cereals
23.0
17.8
17.1
17.9
Pulses and pulse products
4.4
5.9
4.71
4.68
Milk and milk products
29.0
30.7
31.4
31.02
Edible oil
7.2
6.07
7.96
8.91
Meat, Egg and Fish
2.2
2.21
1.48
1.05
Vegetable & fruits
11.0
14.5
15.3
13.03
Others
23.0
22.8
21.4
23.39
Food total
100
100
100
100
Food total (Rs./capita/month)
N.A
423.5
459.4
417.6
Daily allowances of Calories for Indians
(Recommended by Nutrition Expert Group)
Group
Particulars
Man
Sedentary work
2400 Children
1 to 3 yrs
1200
Moderate work
2800
4 to 6 yrs
1500
Heavy work
3900
7 to 9 yrs
1800
Sedentary work
1900
10 to 12 yrs
2100
2200 Adolescents
13 to 15 yrs
(boys)
2500
3000
13 to 15 yrs
(girls)
2200
3300
16 to 18 yrs
(boys)
3000
3700
16 to 18 yrs
(girls)
2200
Woman
Moderate work
Heavy work
Pregnancy
Lactation
Infants
Calories
0 to 6 months
120/kg
7-12 kg
100/kg
Group
Particulars
Calor
ies
Incidence and Depth of Food Insecurity
among Rural Households
Incidence
(%)
Depth
1. Landless Agri Labour
93.1
0.42
2. Small (Below 2ha)
84.6
0.37
3. Medium (2.01 to 4 ha)
70.8
0.19
4. Large (Above 4 ha)
58.3
0.19
5. Others
(Service and Shopkeepers)
52.0
0.26
Household Category
Incidence and Depth of Food Insecurity
among Urban Households
Incidence
(%)
Depth
1. Below Rs. 750
100.0
0.53
2. Rs. 750-1200
96.4
0.55
3. Rs. 1200-2300
87.5
0.33
4. Rs 2300-5000
70.6
0.28
5. Rs 5000-14000
64.7
0.26
6. Above Rs 14000
50
0.26
Income Category
(per capita)
Component Wise Incidence and Depth of Food
Insecurity among Rural Households
Household
Category
Cereals
Pulses
Fruits &
Vege.
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
58.6
0.23
69.0
0.42
100.0
0.93
75.9
0.37
-
-
2. Small
(Below 2ha)
50.0
0.27
69.2
0.23
100.0
0.56
0
0
-
-
3. Medium
(2.01 to 4ha)
0
0
33.3
0.23
87.5
0.51
0
0
-
-
4. Large
(Above 4 ha)
0
0
20.8
0.15
29.2
0.11
0
0
-
-
20.0
0.39
64.0
0.41
100.0
0.44
0
0
-
-
1. Landless
Labour
Agri
5. Others (Service
and Shopkeepers)
I: Incidence, D: Depth of food insecurity
Milk
Sugar
Distribution of rural households on the basis
of self production and purchasing (%)
Insecure
Secure
Home
prod’n
Purch’d
Home
prod’n
Purch’d
Large
0
100
52.04
47.06
Medium
0
100
Small
4.12
95.88
NH
NH
Large
0
0
83.33
16.67
Medium
0
0
91.7
8.3
Small
0
0
75
25
Veges
Milk
Component Wise Incidence and Depth of Food
Insecurity among Urban Households
Income
Category
Cereals
Pulses
Fruits &
Vege.
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
1. Below Rs.
750
100.0
0.31
100.0
0.49
100.0
0.71
97.1
0.43
70.7
0.20
2. Rs. 7501200
100.0
0.40
96.4
0.45
100.0
0.58
12.9
0.36
60.7
0.33
3. Rs. 12002300
75.0
0.39
100.0
0.49
100.0
0.49
12.5
0.20
20.8
0.40
4. Rs 23005000
11.8
0.53
47.1
0.18
82.4
0.27
0
0
17.6
0.35
5. Rs 500014000
47.1
0.11
47.1
0.41
41.2
0.38
0
0
47.1
0.33
6. Above Rs
14000
0
0
0
0
16.7
0.13
0
0
33.3
0.48
I: Incidence, D: Depth of food insecurity
Milk
Sugar
Food Expenditure and Income of Rural Households
Large
Medium
Small
Labour
Others
Av. Household Income
(Rs/Month)
43415
16910
9419
2696
13947
Family Size
6.54
5.91
6.3
5.65
6.28
Livestock (Value in rupees)
48250
30917
20212
-
-
Total
(Rs/Month)
6938
4645
4022
2143
3692
Cereals
7.7
17
15.3
42.2
26.5
Pulses
14.1
7.3
11.9
13.9
9.3
14.1
16.5
11.7
3.3
17
Milk
29.3
29.4
38.5
18.1
28.1
Sugar
7.2
9.8
9.1
11.7
8.5
Meat
1.3
2.2
0.2
1
1.4
Ghee
11.1
7.9
7.7
7.4
7.4
Average
Consumption
Expenditure
(%)
Fruits and
Vegetables
Food Expenditure and Income of Urban Households
Income Categories
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Av. Household Income
(Rs/Month)
2636
4771
7496
7382
41000
86917
Family Size
5.12
4.79
4.95
4.05
4.11
4.16
Total
(Rs/Month)
1893
2588
3268
3627
5213
Cereals
25.9
22.7
24.2
23.0
11.6
8.0
Pulses
10.1
8.8
6.2
9.6
6.1
5.6
Fruits and
Vegetables
10.5
11.9
12.7
15.5
18.3
27.2
Milk
17.3
21.6
21.2
19.7
23.0
23.6
Sugar
7.7
5.6
5.7
6.0
2.6
3.2
Meat
4.5
3.3
4.4
5.1
2.5
4.8
Ghee
9.1
8.3
7.6
7.4
7.7
7.6
Average
Consumption
Expenditure
(%)
7550
Expenditure and Income of Rural Food Insecure
Households
Large
Medium
Small
Labour
Others
Av. Household Income
(Rs/Month)
43468
16303
9570
2742
14951
Family Size
5.92
6.35
6.68
5.67
7.5
Livestock (Value in rupees)
51846
28706
19152
0
0
Average
Consumption
Expenditure
(%)
Total
(Rs/Month)
6378
4527
3978
2282
4037
Cereals
11.4
16.6
14.6
39.3
25.1
Pulses
7.6
8.3
11.7
13.1
6.1
Fruits and
Vegetables
12.9
18.4
11.9
3.0
16.0
Milk
31.9
28.5
39.0
15.8
27.1
Sugar
8.0
9.2
9.2
11.0
8.5
Meat
1.2
1.1
0.3
1.0
0.9
11.2
7.6
9.2
6.6
6.9
Ghee
Expenditure and Income of Rural Food Secure
Households
Large
Medium
Small
Labour
Others
Av. Household Income
(Rs/Month)
43353
18388
8583
2400
12720
Family Size
7.27
4.85
4.25
5
4.83
Livestock (Value in rupees)
44000
36286
21583
0
0
Average
Consumption
Expenditure
(%)
Total
(Rs/Month)
7549
4933
4266
2138
3522
Cereals
19.7
17.8
19.1
54.1
25.6
Pulses
7.8
5.0
12.7
12.0
12.4
Fruits and
Vegetables
15.4
12.1
11.1
4.2
16.3
Milk
26.9
31.3
35.7
18.2
29.4
Sugar
6.5
11.2
8.8
10.3
8.4
Meat
1.4
4.7
0.0
0.0
1.8
Ghee
11.7
8.5
9.1
7.4
6.6
Expenditure and Income of
Urban Food Insecure Households
Upto
750
Income Categories
750120023001200
2300
5000
500014000
Above
14000
Av. Household Income
(Rs/Month)
2636
4771
7729
15227
46636
217778
Family Size
5.12
4.79
5.05
4.33
4.72
4.5
2588
3299
3490
5407
7737
22.7
22.2
19.7
10.5
7.7
8.8
5.8
10.1
5.4
5.4
21.6
23.1
21.5
23.7
24.7
5.6
5.8
6.0
3.0
3.1
Average
Total
Consumpti (Rs/Month
on
)
1893
Expenditur
Cereals
25.9
e (%)
Pulses
10.1
Fruits and
Vegetables 17.3
Milk
7.7
Sugar
4.5
3.3
3.1
4.4
2.3
1.7
Meat
9.1
8.3
7.5
8.1
8.7
7.9
Expenditure and Income of Urban Food Secure Households
Income Categories
Upto
750
7501200
12002300
23005000
500014000
Above
14000
No HH
No
HH
5867
7240
30667
45000
4.33
3.4
3
2.5
Total
(Rs/Month)
3050
3954
4854
6615
Cereals
1196.0
1188.0
665.0
534.0
Pulses
279.0
345.0
363.0
368.0
Fruits and
Vegetables
240.0
633.0
1047.0
960.0
Milk
150.0
231.0
85.0
220.0
Av. Household Income
(Rs/Month)
Family Size
Average
Consumptio
n
Expenditure
Sugar
Meat
152.0
447.0
268.0
140.0
247.0
236.0
269.0
318.0
Thank You