Wordpower. Match the definitions and their meaning and remember them!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
be afraid of
be confident of
be content of
be off
be on
go on
look after
stand by
wait around
wake up
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
l
stop sleeping
take care for smb. by helping
happen, take place
stay in the same place and do nothing
be ready to do smth
be sure
keep doing smth
be happy and satisfied
start, depart
be frightened or worried about smth
Ex.
SMALL TALK Find the correct response to the questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How are you today?
So, what do you do exactly?
How’s it going?
Long time no see.
Is life treating you well?
What are you working on at the moment?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
How do you do?
Things could be better, but I can’t complain.
Yes I know. It’s good to see you again.
At the moment I’m working on a project in Wales.
It’s going well. And with you?
I’m fine. And you?
I’m a risk analyst.
Complete the table.
Verb
educate
improve
jog
spell
hesitate
arrange
Noun
1
Match the definitions and their meanings.
1.
2.
3.
4.
as a matter of facta.
come round
b.
complain about c.
enquire about d.
5.
6.
7.
fancy that
get over
hold on
e.
f.
g.
8.
9.
10.
pick up
run out of
turn over
h.
i.
j.
used to express your surprise or shock about sth.
to wait for a short time
get well again after illness
to cause change of an object’s position so as to reverse top
and bottom
become conscious again
take smth. away that is waiting for you
to say you are annoyed, dissatisfied or unhappy about
smth. or smb.
there is no smth. left
to ask someone for information
used when you are giving extra information with
contradicts what smb. has said
TELEPHONE PHRASES. Read the dialogues and make the exercise. Choose the
correct word.
1
Michelle: Rachel Alsop, please.
Male: I’m sorry; you must have the wrong number. There's no one of that name
here.
Michelle: Oh sorry about that. I must have dialed the wrong number.
Male:
No problem! Bye!
2
Male: Hello, press office, can I help you?
Ruth Hello. Paul Richards, please.
Male: I’m sorry, you've got the wrong number, but he does work here. I'll try and
put you through. In future his direct number is 5558770.
Ruth: Did I not dial that?
Male: No, you rang 5558790.
Ruth: Oh, sorry to have troubled you.
Male: No problem. Hang on a moment and I'll put you through to Paul's extension
Ruth: Thanks.
3
Michelle: Mr. Hubbard’s office!
Peter:
Hello, can I speak to Brian Hubbard, please?
Michelle: I'm afraid he's in a meeting until lunchtime. Can I take a message?
Peter:
Well, I'd like to arrange an appointment to see him, please. It's Peter
Jefferson here. Michelle: Could you hold on for a minute, Mr. Jefferson. I’ll just
look in the diary. So when's convenient for you?
Peter:
Sometime next week if possible. I gather he's away the following week.
Michelle: Yes, that's right, he's on holiday for a fortnight.
Peter:
Well, I need to see him before he goes away. So would next Wednesday
be Okay
2
Michelle: Wednesday ... let me see ... he's out of the office all morning. But he's
free in the afternoon, after about three.
Peter:
Three o'clock is difficult. But I could make it after four.
Michelle: So shall we say 4.15 next Wednesday, in Mr. Hubbard’s office?
Peter:
Yes, that sounds fine. Thanks very much. Michelle: Okay, then. Bye.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
You _______ have the wrong number. (should/ would/ must/ can)
His _______ number is 998922. ( straight/ direct/ certain/ sure)
I’m _______ to have troubled you. (upset/ apologize/ sorry/ sad)
I’m sorry, you’ve _______ the wrong number. (got/ had/ have/ put)
I’d like to ___________ an appointment. ( arrange/ have/ do/ save)
I could ________ it after four. ( take/ fake/ get/ make)
Let’s meet next Wednesday … shall we _______ 4.15? ( arrange/ say/ suggest/
see)
8. Would next ________ be ok? (day/ morning/ week/ afternoon)
Complete the business telephone conversation with the phrases below.
(put you through, goodbye, hold the line, thank you, ask who is calling, leave an
urgent message, how may I help you)
Receptionist: Hello, ABC ltd. (a.) ………………….
Caller: Hello, I`d like to speak with Patrick Palmer.
R: May I (b.) ……………….?
C: My name is Mrs. Palmer. It`s urgent.
R: Okay. I`ll (c.) ………………….. . Please (d.) ……………………. .
R: I`m sorry Mr. Palmer is in a meeting. I can (e.) …………………… to say
that you called.
C: (f.) ……………………. . I would appreciate that.
R: You`re welcome. (g.) ……………….. .
Answer the questions after the text.
Departures
This is the usual sequence of activities when you get to the airport.
First you go to the check-in desk where they weigh your luggage. Usually you are
permitted 20 kilos, but if your bags weigh more, you may have to pay, excess
baggage (= you pay extra). The airline representative checks your ticket and gives
you a boarding card for the plane with your seat number on it. Then you go
through passport control where an official checks [NOT eontrols] your passport,
and into the departure lounge, Here, you can also buy things in the duty-free, e.g.
perfume, alcohol and cigarettes. About half an hour or forty minutes before takeoff, you are told to go to a gate number, e.g. gate 14, where you wait before you
get on the plane. When you board (= get on) the plane, you find your seat. If you
have hand luggage, you can put it under your seat or in the overhead locker above
your sear. The plane then taxis (= moves slowly) towards the runway, and when it
3
has permission to take off, it accelerates along the runway and takes off. Note: The
verb to taxi is generally only used in this context
What do you call:
1 The place where you go when you arrive at the airport with your luggage?
2 The card they give you with the seat number on it?
3 The money you have to pay if your luggage is very heavy?
4 The place where you sit and have a drink when you are waiting for your flight to
be called?
5 The bags you carry onto the plane with you?
6 The place above your head where you can put your hand luggage?
7 The part of the airport where the plane accelerates and takes off?
8 The people who look after you on the plane?
9 The part of the airport you walk through when you arrive or depart?
10 The place where you collect your luggage after you land?
GRAMMAR
FOCUS
MISSING
PREPOSITIONS
Complete the sentences with the missing preposition.
(behind, through, in, at, between, into, on, over, by, about)
1. Our head office is based ……….. London.
2. There is no difference ………… this office and the one next door.
3. Our CEO only works ………… Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays.
4. Our company employed ………… 1,000 new employees last year.
5. Let’s meet …………. five o’clock in room 107.
6. When the CEO came …………… the room, everyone stopped talking.
7. Tell me something …………. your time abroad.
8. My colleague sits …………. my desk. I have to turn around to speak to her.
9. Do you go to the office ………… train or car?
10. When we read ……………. The list we noticed that his name was missing
Different Meanings and Usage of: All, Each, Either, Neither, Every, and Both.
Make up dialogues using the paired conjunctions: BOTH ... AND, NOT ONLY,
BUT ALSO, EITHER ... OR, NEITHER ... NOR.
A '
>
Use: BOTH ... AND in the response.
> Pattern: John is going to the cinema.
Is Mary going- too?
;
'
— Yes, both John and Mary are going to the cinema.
1. You have met his father. Have you met his mother too?
2. She can sing. Can she dance?
3. He buys antique things. Does he sell antique things?
4. You had lunch with your friends. Did you have dinner with them?
5. The city suffers from air pollution. Does it suffer from water pollution?
6. Your son is in elementary school. Is your daughter in elementary school too?
4
B
> Use: EITHER ... OR in the response.
> Pattern: You will ask John, or you will ask Mary.
—- I will ask either John or Mary.
1. Bob has your book, or Jane has it.
2. We shall go to the sea for the vacation, or we shall go to the mountains.
3. We can go swimming, or we can play tennis.
4. You will rent an apartment, or you will live in the dorm.
5. According to the weather forecast, it will rain tonight or it will snow.
6. She is going outvote for Mr. Smitlvor Mr. Trude.
C
>- Use: NEITHER ….-. NOR in the response.
> Pattern: John won't be here. Will Mary be here? "
~ No, neither John nor Mary will come here.
1. He doesn't like coffee. Does he like tea?
2. Chapter one isn't difficult. Is chapter two difficult?
3. He doesn't enjoy hunting. Does he enjoy fishing?
4. The result wasn't good. Was the result bad?
5. Her sister doesn't know English. Does her brother know English?
6. I don't know where Ann is. Does Paul know where Ann is'
Cross out the incorrect answers. Both answers may be correct.
1 Although / in spite of we left late, we still got there in time.
2 It was a fantastic evening although / in spite of the terrible food.
3 We have decided to go in spite of / despite the cost of the tickets.
4 They enjoyed the course even though / whereas it was very difficult.
5 I love the sea furthermore/whereas most of my friends prefer the mountains.
6 We found a lovely villa near the lake that we can rent. In addition / Furthermore
it has its own swimming pool, and we have free use of a car provided by the
owners.
7 We both told John the car was too expensive. However / On the other hand, he
still decided to buy it.
8 Most people we met tried to help us. They were very friendly too / as well.
9 During the week the town centre is very busy. At the weekend on the other hand
/ whereas, it is very quiet and almost empty.
10 My uncle is the owner of the factory opposite. He also/however runs the
restaurant next door and the car hire company down the road.
Read the dialogues.
1
Dolores: Hello! Dolores speaking...
Tim: Ah yes, hello. I'd like to enquire about flights to Hong Kong from Kennedy
Airport in New York, please. I'm off to a conference at the end of the month —
5
Thursday 22nd until Tuesday 27th. Could you tell me about the flight availability
and prices?
Dolores: Certainly. Do you want to go economy, business or first class?
Tim: Well, I'd like to go first class, but unfortunately I'll have to go economy —
company rules, you see.
Dolores: Yes, sure, I understand. How many of you will be traveling?
Tim:
Ah, it's just me.
Dolores: Okay, so that's one seat ... economy ... New York — Kennedy to Hong
Kong Airport.
Tim:
And how much will that be?
Dolores: Let me see ... to qualify for the discount rate, you need to stay over a
Saturday, which you are doing ... Yes, that'll be $830.
Tim: Right, and does that include airport tax?
Dolores: No, tax is another $70 on top of that.
Tim: Okay. Can I book that, then?
Dolores: Certainly.
2
Dolores: Can I help you with anything else?
Tim:
Yes, I'd like to book a hotel room too, for the full five nights. Could you
check if the Regency Hotel has any rooms free? Dolores: Yes, they do.
Tim:
And is there a discount rate for conference delegates?
Dolores: Yes, there is. I think it's 10% but I can check that for you.
Tim:
Okay, do you mind if I book it provisionally for now and I'll call you
back later to confirm? I just need to check one or two details.
Dolores: That's fine, sir. Can I help you with anything else?
Tim:
No, that's all for now. As I said, I'll call you back
1.
2.
3.
4.
Choose the right variant.
I’d like to ________ about flights. ( find/ enquire/ question you/ tell me)
Tax is $50 on _______ of that. (plus/ end/ bottom/ top)
I’d like to book a hotel room __________. ( proficiently/ provisionally/
professionally/ prescriptively)
I’ll call you back later to ________ (speak/ assure/ confirm/ certify)
Make up word combinations.
to travel
to consist
on
to go
with
to be full
of
to have sympathy
by
train
plane
a three day trip
ideas
beauty-spots
car
a stay at home
bike
travellers
certain types of people
6
Match the antonyms.
easy, less, advantage, wrong, different, stay-at-home, right, to search, hard,
traveler, holiday, to find, cheap, week-day, expensive, more, disadvantage, same.
Read this entry from Maria`s diary. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of
the Present Perfect and the Past Simple.
28 December
It`s 8:00 p.m. It was a hard week and it`s not over yet! I still have to finish that
report. I`ve started it last Monday but so far I`ve wrote only five pages. And it`s
due next week! Work was so difficult lately. I`ve worked late every night this
week. I`m tired and I haven`t got much sleep last night. I miss Joe. I`ve seen him
last weekend but it seems like a long time ago.
Countable and uncountable nouns
Countable nouns are things that you can count separately. They can be singular or
plural. You can use a/an before countable nouns.
A company – companies
An agent – agents
Uncountable nouns are things that you cannot count separately. Uncountable
nouns usually have no plural forms. They are always singular. We usually do not
use a/an with uncountable nouns.
Work progress information English
Typical uncountables are:
Materials and substances: plastic, iron, wood, paper, water, air, coffee
Abstract ideas: life, fun, freedom, health, time
Activities: work, travel, sleep, football, help, research
Human feelings: happiness, anger, honesty, hope, respect, courage
Note the words below which are uncountable in English but countable in many
other languages:
Accommodation, advice, business, cash, luggage, money, traffic, work, news
Choose the best alternative to complete each sentence.
1. Peter went to buy a/some glass so he could fix the broken window.
2. Mary`s advice was/were not very useful.
3. Tim keeps a/some chicken at the bottom of his garden.
7
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
When is/are the news on? I haven`t heard any today.
Look at Rita`s hair! It`s/They`re green!
The prize is a/some unique opportunity to travel the world!
Don`t worry! The police here is/are very friendly.
Where is/are the money that I gave you yesterday?
Countable/uncountable noun. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
1 I need some informations.
2 We had a lovely weather.
3 The furnitures are very old.
4 I'm looking for a new jeans.
5 Your hairs are getting very long.
6 Do you have a scissors?
7 We had a lot of homeworks yesterday.
8 Do you think she's making a progress with her English?
9 These trousers is too small.
10 She gave me some good advices.
Match the definitions and their meanings.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
come rounda.
fill up
b.
get a move c.
on
get away d.
with
get round toe.
proceed with
f.
put right g.
see to
h.
sit around i.
wear out j.
to put the right amount of liquid or substance in a container
to spend a lot of time sitting and doing nothing very useful
to deal with smth. or do smth. for smb.
to continue to do smth. that has already been started
to make a situation better, esp. after smb. has made a mistake
to become conscious again
to cause a lot of damage to sth,by using it for long time
to hurry or to move quikly
to escape from smb. who is chasing you or trying to catch you
to finally do smth. that you have been intending to do for some
time, but have not because you were too busy, too lazy, etc.
PASSENGERS` RIGHTS
If you run into problems on your journey, remember your rights as a
passenger. Often the airline company is required to compensate you for delays or
damages. For example, the airline provides meals and hotel rooms if a flight is
unduly delayed. However, the airline owes you a lot more if it caused the delay by
overbooking. This can occur especially during holidays if airlines sell more tickets
than there are seats. If all the passengers actually turn up, then the flight is
overbooked. Airlines usually award upgrades or additional free travel to passengers
who volunteer to take a later flight. However, if no one volunteers, your flight may
8
be delayed. In that case, the airline must repay you 100 per cent of the cost of your
ticket for a delay of up to four hours on an international flight. If the delay is more
than four hours, you receive 200 per cent of the cost of your ticket.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Answer the following questions:
What is the airline company often required compensating you for?
Who provides meals and hotel rooms if a flight is unduly delayed?
When can the airline owe you a lot more?
Who do airlines usually award upgrades or additional free travel to?
In what case must the airline repay you 100 per cent of the cost of your ticket?
How much do you receive if the delay is more than four hours?
GRAMMAR FOCUS: PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
The Present Perfect often shows that something is finished. It focuses on the
result of the action.
I have read a good book about elephants.
(I’ve finished reading the book and now I know a lot about elephants.)
The Present Perfect Continuous often shows that an activity is unfinished. It
focuses on the continuation of an action.
I have been reading a book about elephants.
(I’m still reading it.)
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about
- how much someone has done
- how many times someone has done something
- how many things someone has done
I have read a lot about it.
I have been to America twice.
She has written several really good articles.
We often use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about how long something
has been happening.
I have been reading books on elephants for two months.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
-
Put each verb in brackets into either the present perfect or present perfect
continuous.
I (not see) him for two months.
He (look for) his dog since morning.
They (live) in this town since 2000.
I (know) it from the beginning.
They (kiss) for about twenty minutes.
For the last three years I (sell) cars.
- I (phone) Carol all day, but there’s no reply.
I expect she (go) swimming with her friends.
9
8.
9.
-
– (you hear) the news?
What news?
Someone (rob) the bank at the end of the road.
- Terminator 2 is on at the Rex? (you see) it?
No, not yet. Shall we go? I (look forward) to seeing it for ages.
You have to say how long something has been happening.
Example:
It is snowing. It began snowing two hours ago. It has been
snowing for two hours.
1. Jane is reading. She began reading an hour ago. She ... for an hour.
2. My sister is knitting a new sweater. She started knitting it a month ‘ago. She ... for
a month.
3. Sam is studying German. He started studying it two years ago. He ... for two years.
4. My friend is working at his report. He began working at it in the morning. He...
since morning.
5. They are building a new tube station. They started it in June. They ... since June.
6. You are taking music lessons. You began taking music lessons six months ago.
You ... for six months.
7. Mary is looking for a job. She began looking for it in December. She ... since
December.
8. George smokes much. He started smoking ten years ago. He ... for ten years.
Infinitive – The “- ing “ form
The “to –infinitive” is used:
1. after certain verbs (agree, decide, hope, promise, want etc.)
He promised to be back at 10 o`clock.
2. after question words ( where, how, what, who, which, but not after “ why”)
Has she told you where to meet them?
3. after would like/ would love/would prefer
I`d love to go for a walk.
The infinitive without “to” is used:
1 after modal verbs ( must, can, will etc.)
You must be back at 12 o`clock.
2. after let/make + object
I made him apologise.
The “- ing form” is used:
1. after certain verbs ( delay, deny, excuse, mention, mind, miss, postpone,
prevent, report, suggest, practice, look forward to, finish etc )
I enjoy reading detective stories.
2. after love, like, dislike, hate, enjoy, stop
He likes cooking.
10
3. after “ go” for physical activities
They go skiing every winter.
Complete the conversation between a travel agent and a woman, using the
infinitive or the “- ing form”.
A: Good morning, madam. Can I …..(help) you?
W: Yes. I`d like …..(book) a holiday, please.
A: Certainly. I must ….. (ask) you a few questions.
Now… where would you like ….. (go)? How long are you
going ….. (stay)? Would you prefer ….. (have) a relaxing beach holiday or
….. (go) sightseeing? Which countries are you interested in ….. (visit)? What
means of transport do you prefer?
W: Well, young man. I don`t know where ….. (go) or how long ….. (stay) . I
hate ….. (go) to the beach and I don`t enjoy sightseeing. I don`t want ….. (visit)
any foreign countries because foreign food makes me ….. (feel) ill. As for means
of transport, I`m too frightened ….. (fly) in an aeroplane. I hate …..(go) on boats, I
don`t like …..(travel) by train and ….. (travel) on a coach makes me ….. (feel)
sick.
A: Well, madam, I don`t know what …..(suggest). I don`t want …..(appear)
rude, but I really think you should ….. stay at home!!
LANGUAGE SKILLS: MEETING BUSINESS PARTNERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Place the sentences together for the seven golden rules to a successful business
meeting.
Be punctual but …
Do not ask too many personal questions …
Dress in a neutral coloured suit – either …
Do not hold eye contact …
Do not bring a personal gift …
Do not rush or rush your attendants …
A business meeting is still important …
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
for your business partners.
even when it is held in the pub over a pint.
a few minutes earlier is acceptable.
during small talk.
into making business decisions.
black, navy or dark grey.
for too long during business meeting.
How would you describe the person in each of these descriptions?
1 He never bought me a drink all the time we were together.
2 I have to tell her what to do every minute of the working day. She wouldn't even
11
open a window without someone's permission.
3 He often promises to do things but half the time he forgets.
4 She's always here on time.
5 I don't think he's done any work since he's been here.
6 She finds it difficult to meet people and talk to strangers.
7 He could work in any of the departments, and it doesn't matter to him if he's on his
own or part of a team.
8 One of the great things about her is that she is so aware of what other people think
or feel.
9 Bob, on the other hand, is the complete opposite. He is always making people
angry or upset because he just doesn't consider their feelings.
10 The other thing about Bob is that he really wants to get the supervisor's job and
then become boss for the whole department.
Kind
flexible
friendly
honest
reliable
sensitive
ambitious
pleasant
punctual optimistic
reliable
lazy
confident
generous
ambitious
stupid
sensitive strong
flexible shy mean
clever nice
lazy
relaxed hard-working
tense
cheerful
generous
unpleasant
stupid
miserable
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
DIFFICULT BOSS!
Complete the dialogue between the boss and his PA by putting the broken
sentences back together.
Boss: Our presentation raised a few questions …
PA: I know exactly which questions were asked …
Boss: I don’t want to hear …
PA: I don’t know, but …
Boss: It’s good to know I can rely on you …
PA: Thank you, …
and I am trying to find the appropriate responses.
that you don’t know the answers. It is urgent and important.
of course you can.
to get the job done without the drama.
which require immediate answers.
I know someone who does. The responses will be on your desk by the end of the
day.
Some
any
lot of
many
much
We use a lot of, some and any with both countable and uncountable nouns. A lot
of and some are used in affirmative sentences. Any is used in questions and in
negative sentences.
We used a lot of water last summer.
12
We’ve got some batteries and some petrol.
Have we got any milk or teabags?
We use many with countable nouns and much with uncountable nouns in
questions and negative sentences.
There aren’t many sweets left in the bag.
We didn’t have much time before the storm.
How many people did you see?
How much luggage did they carry?
Complete the sentences by inserting either some or any.
1. Have you got ________ of the documents?
2. I don’t have _________ updates.
3._________ people don’t like the new Managing Director.
4. I like my colleagues. Do you know ________ of them?
5. ________body told me that the company is bankrupt, but I don’t believe it.
6. You must not tell ________ one.
7. I like to eat ________ soup in the canteen.
8. I’m sorry but I don’t have ________ answers to the problem.
9. I think there is _______ body at the door.
10. I looked outside but I couldn’t see ________body.
Choose the correct word to complete the sentences. MUCH or MANY?
1.
Does your company make ________ profit?
a) much
b) many
2. How _______ members of staff do you have in your office?
a) much
b) many
3. Are there _______ opportunities for a native English speaking secretary in
Germany?
a) much
b) many
4. There isn’t _______ information on the merger.
a) much
b) many
5. There aren’t _______ jobs available around here.
a) much
b) many
6. They have received ________ negative publicity.
a) much
b) many
Use the Present Perfect Progressive instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. I (not to sleep) for twenty three hours.
2. She (to work) in the library for the last five hours.
3. We just (to speak) about you.
4. What you (to do) in my absence?
5. Who (to watch) us?
6. He (to stay) here for three months; and I think my father (to entertain) him too
13
long.
7. She (to have) a toothache since morning.
8. They (to play) football for two hours.
9. She (to dance) since yesterday evening.
10. Where you (to, sit) all this time?
11. She (to tell) a lot of lies about me, I'm sure.
12. What you (to talk) about since I left? .
PRESENTATION
I. Introduction
1. Opening Statements
First of all, I'd like to thank you all for coming here today. My name is X and I am
the (your position) at (your company).
I’d briefly like to take you through today's presentation. First, we're going to ...
After that, we'll be taking a look at...
Once we've identified our challenges we will be able to ...
Finally, I’ll outline what...
2. Asking for Questions
Please feel free to interrupt me with any questions you may have during the
presentation.
I’d like to ask you to keep any questions you may have for the end of the
presentation.
3. Presenting the Current Situation
I’d like to begin by outlining our present situation. As you know ...
You may not know that...
II. Presentation
1. Moving Forward
Let's take a look at some of the implications of this.
Taking into consideration what we have said about X, we can see that Y...
The main reason for these actions is...
We have to keep in mind that ... when we consider...
As a result of X, Y will...
2. Using Visual Aids
As you can see from this graph representing...
Let me use a graphic to explain this.
The graphic shows that...
As you can see (in the picture)...
In the next / following picture, you can see...
Here is another picture.
The next picture shows how...
Let the pictures speak for themselves.
I think the picture perfectly shows how / that...
Now, here you can see...
3. Mentioning Problems
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Obviously, this has led to some problems with ... Unfortunately, this means that...
As a direct result of X, we are having problems with Y... This also causes...
4.
Listing Options (Always provide examples of evidence to prove your point.)
There are a number of alternatives in this case. We can...
If we had ..., we would...
Had we ..., we could have ... Do we need to X or Y?
I think we can clearly see that we can either ... or...
We have been considering...
What if we...
5.
Proposing a Solution
The solution to X is ...
I suggest we ...
Based on ... the answer is to ...
If we keep in mind that ..., Y is the best solution to our problem.
So, how does this all relate to X?
How long will this take to implement?
How much is this all going to cost?
VI. Finishing the Presentation
1. Summarizing
We've discussed many points today. Let me quickly summarize the principal points:
I'd like to quickly go over the main points of today's topic:
Before we end, let me briefly recap what we have discussed here today.
2. Finishing the Presentation
Thank you all very much for taking the time to listen to this presentation. Now, if
you have any questions, I'd be happy to answer them.
I think that's about it. I'd like to thank you all for coming in today.
Make a presentation of any company you want.
WISHES
For wishes about the present we use I wish + the past simple.
I wish I owned a helicopter. If I wish a helicopter, I would be happy.
I wish I didn`t have to go to school! If I didn`t go to school, I would be happy.
Could
We use I wish I could to refer to something that is difficult or impossible. This can
refer to the present or future.
I wish I could fly!
I wish I could stay at home tomorrow.
For wishes about the past we use I wish + the past perfect.
I wish I hadn`t eaten so much! I feel awful! If I hadn`t eaten so much, it would
have been better for me!
If only
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We can replace I wish with If only for emphasis.
If only I owned a helicopter.
If only I hadn`t eaten so much!
Choose the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I`m sunburnt. I wish I hadn`t sunbathed/didn`t sunbathe for so long.
I don`t feel well. I wish I could stay/ stayed at home tomorrow.
I`m not a good swimmer, but I wish I could swim/would swim well.
I wish I had/have a puppy or a kitten!
I wish I could see/saw you tomorrow, but it`s impossible.
I wish Jim didn`t sit/ doesn`t sit next to me. He`s so annoying!
If only we had/would have some money we could take the bus.
I wish I can/could speak English better!
1st Conditional. Chose the correct form.
1. I wish I______there. I always enjoy our talking.
A. Are
B. Were
2. I wish I_______________________ why you are so interested in. .- the lady.
A. knew
B. have known
C would know
3. "He is gone," murmured Sibyl. "I wish you .______ him."
A. saw
B. had seen
C. would see
4. They did not find the man. I, wish they ________who he was.
A.
discovered
B.
had discovered
C.
have discovered :
5. I hate telephones. I wish I never _____one put in.
A. have ... had
B. had
C. had… had
6. The old man wished he ____________touch with his relatives.
A. did not lose
B. had not lost
C. would not have lost
7. I wish I ___________ what you are talking about.
A. understand
B. understood
C. would understand
8. I wish you____________ word where you had really gone.
A. have left
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B. left
C. had left
9. We had a wonderful holiday in Italy. I wish we __________there again next
year.
A.. go
B.will go
C.went
10. They wished you _____________more in future.
A. will read
B. would read
C. read
Write down an adjective (or adjectives) formed from these nouns or verbs.
thought
fame
dirt
pain
attract
create
fog
home
danger
politics
care
enjoy
knowledge
suit
sun
music
comfort
wash
use
rely
GRAMMAR FOCUS
First conditional: If + present simple, … will/won`t
This type of sentence describes future events that will happen, or are likely to
happen. It is a real possibility in the speaker`s mind, not imaginary.
If we walk so slowly, we`ll be late.
If we run, we won`t be late.
In the condition clause it is possible to use other present tenses, not just the present
simple.
If you`re driving, I`ll come with you. (present continuous)
If I`ve seen the film before, I`ll let you know! (present
perfect)
Second conditional: If + past simple, … would/wouldn`t
This type of sentence describes future events that are imaginary, unlikely or
impossible.
Example: You start talking to a friend about aliens. You say:
If some aliens landed on earth, I`d make friends with them.
If they didn`t speak English, I`d use sign language.
If they took me back to their planet, I`d learn their language.
If anyone believed my story, I`d become famous!
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Note that the past simple is used in the condition clause, but the time reference is
the future.
Read this diary entry. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of first
conditionals. Don`t forget to check punctuation!
Should I campaign for student union president? I`ll have to decide soon if I wanted
to run. If I`ll be busy campaigning, I won`t have much time to study. That`s a
problem, because I`m not going to get a good job if I get good marks this year. On
the other hand, there`s so much to do in this university and nothing is getting done
if John Healy becomes president again. A lot of people know that. But will I know
what to do if I`ll get the job? Never mind. I`ll deal with that problem, if I win.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Complete each sentence as either a first conditional or a second conditional
sentence using the verb in brackets.
If you (play) the music too loud, you (wake up) the neighbours.
If the North Pole (melt), the water (flood) many cities.
Vegetarians believe that if nobody (eat) meat, everyone (live) longer.
If I (become) a famous rock star, I (buy) my parents an enormous house.
It says “No Parking”. If you (leave) the car here, the police (give) you a parking
fine.
There (not be) so much pollution if people (use) bikes instead of cars.
If you (own) a pet tiger, your friend (not visit) you!
Don`t worry, you`ve just got a cold. You (feel) better if you (take) an aspirin.
Paraphrase the following sentences.
Wind up your watch, or else it will stop. If you don't wind up your watch, it will stop.
1. Put that book back at once, or I'll get angry.
2. Put on something warm, or else you'll catch cold.
3. Tel! me the truth, or else I'll learn everything on my own,
4. Get up at once, or else you'll be late.
5. Mind your spelling, or else you'll never get good marks.
6. Say you are sorry, or else your Mother will never forgive you.
7. Answer this letter, or he will take offence.
8. Take this job, or else you will have no more chances.
9. Ring him up, or else you won't get the instructions.
10. Read the map carefully, or else you'll get lost.
Match the definitions and their meanings.
1.
2.
3.
4.
be(get) bored
about
a.
be crazy about
b.
be cut out for c.
be fond of
d.
to be very interested in smth. or to be eager to do it
to like smb., smth. very much
for many hours, days or weeks without stopping
to like smth and make it more interesting and
enjoyable
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5.
6.
be keen on
e.
do one’s best
f.
7.
for a change
g.
8.
give up
h.
9.
on end
i.
10.
take up
j.
to try as hard as one can do smth.
to be tired and impatient because you don’t think
smth. is interesting
to become interested in a particular activity or subject
and spend time doing it
to be very silly and unwise being very fond of the
known actor, sportsman or some activity
to stop doing smth. or having smth., esp. smth. that
you do regularly
to have the qualities that you need for particular job or
activity
Passives: Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Perfect, Future
To make the passive we use be and a past participle. Compare the active and
passive forms in these examples:
Present Simple
The Government builds hundreds of houses
every year.
Hundreds of houses are built every year.
Past Simple
The police arrested one protester.
One protester was arrested.
Present Perfect
We have chosen Helen as the new president.
Helen has been chosen as the new president.
Future Simple
They will play the match on Wednesday.
The match will be played on Wednesday.
Active and passive sentences usually have the same meaning but the focus is
different.
Compare:
(active)
The Government built hundreds of houses last year.
(passive)
Hundreds of houses were built by the Government
last year.
In the active sentence more emphasis is given to who did the action – the
Government.
In the passive sentence more emphasis is given to the thing affected by the
action – the number of houses.
Emphasized information usually comes at the beginning of the sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Use the passive form of the verbs in brackets.
Accommodation (reserve) at the Hilton Hotel two weeks ago.
Goods for children (sell) at the Children`s World department store.
The equipment (show) in operation next month.
The mail (usually bring) to the office at 9 in the morning.
Lots of new hotels (build) in Moscow lately.
The goods (not deliver) on time because the plant was heavy with orders.
The terms of the contract (discuss) only at the beginning of the next week because
of our boss absence.
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8. The latest model of cars (introduce) to the market this year.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Rewrite each sentence with a passive verb, and so that the names of people are
not mentioned.
The authorities have closed the casino.
People all over the world speak English.
Our company sold more than 40,000 cars last year.
The city council has banned traffic from the city centre.
They will announce the result of the competition tomorrow.
The assistant didn`t send the reply to Brown & Co on time.
Somebody will meet you at the airport.
They always advertise their goods in business journals.
Prepositions of time
Very generally, we use in with periods of time, such as months, years, centuries,
periods in the day, and seasons:
In May, in 1997, in the 21st century, in the morning (but at night), in summer
We also use in to talk about the period of time before something happens in the
future: In ten minutes, in a few weeks, in fifty years
We use on for short periods of time, such as the days of the week, parts of a
particular day, dates, and special days:
On Friday, on Wednesday morning, on January 14th, on my birthday
We use at for specific times, such as clock times, certain stages of the day, and
meals:
At nine o`clock, at midnight, at sunrise, at breakfast
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Choose the best way of completing these sentences:
The baby was born at (2001/midnight/May1st ).
The wedding will be in (11 o`clock/Saturday/March).
Her first book was published on (1997/January/her birthday).
I do all my best thinking at (the morning/night/Sunday evening).
The train leaves in (five minutes/5.00/Monday evening).
I have a dentist`s appointment on (ten o`clock/ Wednesday morning/the afternoon).
Oxford University Press was founded in (the 16th century/May 1st 1585/Christmas
Day).
I`ll phone you in (night/Monday morning/a day or two).
RUNNING A MEETING
The following phrases are used to conduct a meeting. These phrases are useful if
you are called on to conduct a meeting.
Opening
Good morning / afternoon, everyone.
If we are all here, let's get started / start the meeting / start.
Welcoming and introducing
Please join me in welcoming (name of participant)
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We're pleased to welcome (name of participant)
I'd like to extend a warm welcome to (name of participant)
It's a pleasure to welcome (name of participant)
I'd like to introduce (name of participant)
Stating the principal objectives
We're here today to ...
I'd like to make sure that we...
Our main aim today is to...
I've called this meeting in order to...
Giving apologies for someone who is absent
I'm afraid.., (name of participant) can't be with us today. She is in...
Unfortunately, (name of participant) ...will not be with us today because he ...
I have received apologies for absence from (name of participant), who is in (place).
Dealing with recent developments
Jack, can you tell us how the XYZ project is progressing? Jack, how is the XYZ
project coming along?
John, have you completed the report on the new accounting package?
Has everyone received a copy of the Tate Foundation report on current marketing
trends?
Moving forward
So, if there is nothing else we need to discuss, let's move on to today's agenda.
Shall we get down to business?
Is there Any Other Business?
If there are no further developments, I'd like to move on to today's topic.
Introducing the agenda
Have you all received a copy of the agenda?
There are X items on the agenda. First,... second,... third,... lastly,...
Shall we take the points in this order?
If you don't mind, I'd like to go in order today.
Skip item 1 and move on to item 3
Perhaps we could take item 2 last.
Allocating roles (secretary, participants)
(name of participant) has agreed to take the minutes,
(name of participant), would you mind taking the minutes?
(name of participant) has kindly agreed to give us a report on ...
(name of participant) will lead point 1,(name of participant) point 2, and (name of
participant) point 3.
(name of participant), would you mind taking notes today?
Agreeing on the ground rules for the meeting (contributions, timing, decisionmaking, etc.)
We will first hear a short report on each point first, followed by a discussion of... 1
suggest we go round the table first.
Let's make sure we finish by ...
I'd suggest we ...
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There will be five minutes for each item. We'll have to keep each item to 1.5
minutes. Otherwise we'll never get through.
Introducing the first item on the agenda So, let's start with ...
Why don't we start with...
So, the first item on the agenda is Pete, would you like to kick off?
Shall we start with ...
(name of participant), would you like to introduce this item?
Closing an item I think that takes care of the first item.
Shall we leave that item?
Why don't we move on to...
If nobody has anything else to add, lets...
Next item
Let's move onto the next item
Now that we've discussed X, let's now...
The next item on today's agenda is...
Now we come to the question of.
Giving control to the next participant
I'd like to hand over to (name of participant), who is going to lead the next point.
Next, (name of participant) is going to take us through...
Now, I'd like to introduce (name of participant) who is going to...
Summarizing
Before we close today's meeting, let me just summarize the main points.
Let me quickly go over today's main points.
To sum up,
OK, why don't we quickly summarize what we've done today.
In brief, ...
Shall I go over the main points?
Finishing up
Right, it looks as though we've covered the main items.
If there are no other comments, I'd like to wrap this meeting up.
Let's bring this to a close for today.
Is there any other business?
Suggesting and agreeing on time, date and place for the next meeting
Can we set the date for the next meeting, please?
So, the next meeting will be on ... (day), the ... (date) of ... (month) at ...
Let's next meet on ... (day), the . . . (date) of... (month) at... What about the
following Wednesday? How is that?
Closing the meeting
The meeting is finished, we'll see each other next ...
The meeting is closed.
I declare the meeting closed.
I. Study the information below and act a role-play "Meeting of the National
Capital Planning Commission."
22
Reported
speech
We often tell people what other people have said. This is called reported or indirect
speech. We rarely report the exact words, usually we just give a general summary.
Statements are usually reported with a past tense verb (like said) and an optional
that. The form of the verb that follows then “moves back” in time. This is
sometimes called backshift.
Present simple to past simple
“I need some help.”
She said (that) she needed some help.
Present continuous to
We are having our lunch.”
Past continuous
She said that they were having their lunch.
Present perfect to
“I’ve lost my keys.”
Past perfect
He said (that) he had lost his keys.
Past simple to
“I wrote two letters to her.”
Past perfect
He said (that) he had written to letters to her.
(or stays the same)
He said (that) he wrote two letters to her
Be going to to
“ They are going to come back.”
was going to
She said (that) they were going to come back.
Will to would
“ I will be home at 6.00.”
Can to could
She said (that) she would be home at 6.00.
In reported speech references to people, places and times often change, because the
point of view changes.
“I`ll see you here tomorrow,” said Sue.
Sue said (that) she would see me there the next day.
“ I bought this book yesterday,” said Martin.
Martin said (that) he had bought the book the day before.
We say something and we tell somebody. Say and tell can be followed by the
optional that.
“It’s warm today,” she said.
She said (that) it was warm.
She told me (that) it was warm.
We can use to after say, but we never use to after tell.
“I come from Slovenia “
She said to me (that) she comes from Slovenia.
She told me (that) she comes from Slovenia.]
Report what the Jones family said when they came home from their holiday.
1.”I had a brilliant time,” said Mr. Jones.
2.”I didn’t like the food,” said Jimmy.
3.”The waiters were very rude, said Granny.
4.”I`m not looking forward to going back to school,” said Judy.
5.”I was getting bored of lying on the beach,” said Mrs. Jones.
6.”I`ve never had so much fun in my life,” said Paul.
7.”I fell in love with a Spanish girl,” said Patrick.
8.”I hope we’ll go to the same place next year,” said Tracy.
9.”I`m going to get my photos developed tomorrow,” said Danny.
10.”I`m exhausted,” said Tina.
23
We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder and want to know.
When we report questions we use affirmative word order and the question mark is
omitted. To report a question we use: a) ask + wh – word ( who, what etc) when
the direct question begins with such a word, b) ask + if/whether when the direct
question begins with an auxiliary verb ( do, has, can etc).
Pronouns, possessive adjectives, tenses, time expressions etc change as in
statements.
“Where is the bus station?” she asked.
She asked where the bus station was.
“What are you doing?” he asked.
He wanted to know what I was doing.
“Why did you go there? she asked.
She wondered why I had gone there.
Commands are reported with tell and the infinitive.
“Wait! Wait!”
I told him to wait.
Requests are reported with ask the infinitive.
“Please wait!”
I asked her to wait.
Rewrite each sentence in reported speech.
1.”Why are you looking at me like that?” she asked him.
2.”Don`t play with matches,” his mother said.
3.”Did you remember to lock the door?” my friend asked me.
4.”Where have you been?” Gary asked his wife.
5.”How shall I tell Tom the bad news?” she said.
6.”Do you know Garfield?” she asked me.
7.”Come in!” Tim said to the policeman.
8.”Why have you turned off the television?” Ellen asked me.
Fill the gaps to complete the phrasal verb in each sentence.
1. We went round the school and _______ up all the rubbish.
2. I don't think they ever ________ out how the man escaped.
3. This milk smells horrible; I think it has _______ off.
4. Do you think they'll ___________ through the exam next week?
5. They had a bad relationship at first; but she _____ on very well with him now.
6. The price has _______ up three times this year.
7. I agreed to ________ after my sister's cat when she goes to France.
8. We can ________ on until the teacher tells us to stop.
9. Why didn't your alarm clock _______ off this morning?
10. I’m afraid this photocopier has _____ out of paper, but you can use the other
one in my office.
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