FTCE SAE
BIOLOGY PREPARATION COURSE
Instructor
Valerie Ruwe
vruwe@browardschools.com
SESSION NORMS
No side bars
 Work on assigned materials only
 Keep phone on vibrate only
 If a call must be taken please leave the room to
do so
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SESSION AGENDA
Session I: Pre-Test, Competencies 1 & 2
 Session II: Competencies 3,4
 Session III: Competencies 5,6
 Session IV: Competencies 7,8
 Session V: Competencies 9,10
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9. KNOWLEDGE OF ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND
PROCESSES 12 %
1.
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6.
7.
Distinguish between individuals, populations, communities,
ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere.
Analyze the relationship between organisms and their niches.
Analyze the roles of organisms in the major biogeochemical cycles
and processes.
Analyze patterns of energy flow in the biosphere.
Evaluate factors that affect population composition, growth, size,
and geographic distribution.
Distinguish between examples of competition, predation, and
differing types of symbioses (e.g., parasitism, mutualism,
commensalism).
Evaluate succession in communities
9. KNOWLEDGE OF ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES AND
PROCESSES 12 %
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Identify renewable and nonrenewable resources and compare
management strategies for each, including environmental
quality assessment and mitigation.
Analyze the effects of resource availability on society.
Identify the potential local and global economic, aesthetic, and
medical consequences of air, land, and water pollution and
evaluate proposed solutions.
Identify the potential local and global economic, aesthetic, and
medical consequences of global warming and evaluate proposed
solutions.
Analyze the local and global consequences of loss of biodiversity.
Characterize ecosystems unique to Florida (i.e., terrestrial,
marine,freshwater) and identify indicator species of each.
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS, POPULATIONS,
COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEMS, BIOMES, AND THE BIOSPHERE.
ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ORGANISMS AND THEIR NICHES.
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Each species occupies a particular position within the
community, both in a spatial sense (where it lives, referred
to as its habitat) and a functional sense (how it lives, its
niche).
A number of species may occupy a particular habitat but the
niches of those species differ to avoid competition.
For example, in the coastal habitat in Florida there are a
number of species of wading birds, each with a unique
niche.
ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ORGANISMS AND THEIR NICHES.
ANALYZE THE ROLES OF ORGANISMS IN THE
MAJOR BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND
PROCESSES.
ANALYZE THE ROLES OF ORGANISMS IN THE
MAJOR BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND
PROCESSES.
ANALYZE THE ROLES OF ORGANISMS IN THE
MAJOR BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND
PROCESSES.
ANALYZE THE ROLES OF ORGANISMS IN THE
MAJOR BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND
PROCESSES.
ANALYZE PATTERNS OF ENERGY FLOW IN
THE BIOSPHERE.
ANALYZE PATTERNS OF ENERGY FLOW IN
THE BIOSPHERE.
ANALYZE PATTERNS OF ENERGY FLOW IN
THE BIOSPHERE.
ANALYZE PATTERNS OF ENERGY FLOW IN
THE BIOSPHERE.
EVALUATE FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION
COMPOSITION, GROWTH, SIZE, AND
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.
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Birth rate or Natality rate
Differences between
Natality rate and Mortality
rate
Death or Mortality rate c
Age distribution (Age
composition)
Immigration
Emmigration
Carrying capacity
(Resources)
Natural calamities
Abiotic and biotic factors
Population fluctuations and
cycles
EVALUATE FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION
COMPOSITION, GROWTH, SIZE, AND
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.
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Birth rate or Natality rate
Differences between
Natality rate and Mortality
rate
Death or Mortality rate c
Age distribution (Age
composition)
Immigration
Emmigration
Carrying capacity
(Resources)
Natural calamities
Abiotic and biotic factors
Population fluctuations and
cycles
EVALUATE FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION
COMPOSITION, GROWTH, SIZE, AND
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.
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Population distribution means the pattern of where
people live. World population distribution is uneven. Places
which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places
which are densely populated contain many people.
Population density is a measurement of the number of
people in an area. It is an average number. Population
density is calculated by dividing the number of people by
area.
Life expectancy is the average age a person can expect to
live to in a particular area. Life expectancy can be used as
an indicator of the overall 'health' of a country.
The population structure for an area shows the number of
males and females within different age groups in the
population. This information is displayed as an age-sex or
population pyramid.
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN EXAMPLES OF COMPETITION,
PREDATION, AND DIFFERING
TYPES OF SYMBIOSES (E.G., PARASITISM, MUTUALISM,
COMMENSALISM).
Two of the main ways
that populations interact
with one another is by
competition and by
predation.
 Competition occurs when
individuals share a
resource which is in short
supply.
 In predation, one
population is the resource
of the other.
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DISTINGUISH BETWEEN EXAMPLES OF
COMPETITION, PREDATION, AND DIFFERING
TYPES OF SYMBIOSES (E.G., PARASITISM,
MUTUALISM, COMMENSALISM).
Predators: consumes an individual and removes
it from the population
 Parasite: host remains alive; increases host
mortality or reduces its fecundity
 Parasitoid: eventually kills its host
 Herbivores: eat plants, whole or partially
 Grazers eat grasses and herbaceous vegetation
 Browsers eat woody vegetation
 Detritivores: consume detritus
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DISTINGUISH BETWEEN EXAMPLES OF COMPETITION,
PREDATION, AND DIFFERING
TYPES OF SYMBIOSES (E.G., PARASITISM, MUTUALISM,
COMMENSALISM).
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Symbiosis: This comes from a Greek word simply
meaning 'living together' and can be used to describe
any association between two organisms.
Mutualism: This can be used to describe an
association in which both organisms apparently
benefit
Commensalism: In this association one organism
[the commensal] benefits, and the other [the host] is
apparently unaffected.
Parasitism In this association one organism [the
parasite] benefits, and the other [the host] is
adversely affected [weakened, sickened, damaged etc].
We normally define parasites as orgamisms which
cannot survive without their host and have special
modifications to their body or their life cycle for this
association.
ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF RESOURCE AVAILABILITY ON
SOCIETY.
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Resources available for use.
IDENTIFY RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES AND
COMPARE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR EACH, INCLUDING
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION.
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Sustainability is the capacity to endure. For
humans, sustainability is the long-term
maintenance of responsibility, which has
environmental, economic, and social
dimensions, and encompasses the concept of
stewardship, the responsible management of
resource use.
Human sustainability interfaces with
economics through the voluntary trade
consequences of economic activity.
Moving towards sustainability is also a social
challenge that entails, among other factors,
international and national law, urban planning
and transport, local and individual lifestyles
and ethical consumerism.
Ways of living more sustainably can take
many forms from controlling living conditions
(e.g., ecovillages, eco-municipalities and
sustainable cities), to reappraising work
practices (e.g., using permaculture, green
building, sustainable agriculture), or
developing new technologies that reduce the
consumption of resources.
IDENTIFY THE POTENTIAL LOCAL AND GLOBAL
ECONOMIC, AESTHETIC, AND MEDICAL
CONSEQUENCES OF AIR, LAND, AND WATER
POLLUTION AND EVALUATE PROPOSED SOLUTIONS.
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The first fact is that some air pollution is natural. Volcanoes,
dust storms, and forest fires all pollute the air.
Methane, a potent greenhouse gas from decaying peat and
other organic matter, enters
the atmosphere all the time
Studies have estimated that the number of people killed
annually from air pollution in
the US could be over 50,000.
Air pollution has been around a long time. The Great Smog of
1952 in London killed at
least 8,000 people.
World Health Organization: The European Union could save
up to 161 billion euros a
year by reducing deaths caused by air pollution.
Over 80% of lung damaging particulate matter in Cities PPM10 comes from cars,
trucks, buses, and other vehicles on the road.
Air pollution around cities is clearly visible from space.
Air pollution in large cities is now the worst. It is estimated
that 750,000 people die
prematurely in China each year, mainly from air pollution in
large cities.
Air in the USA, at least, has improved a lot since the 1970
Clean Air Act went into
effect.
IDENTIFY THE POTENTIAL LOCAL AND GLOBAL
ECONOMIC, AESTHETIC, AND MEDICAL
CONSEQUENCES OF AIR, LAND, AND WATER
POLLUTION AND EVALUATE PROPOSED SOLUTIONS.
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Effects of Land Pollution
Effects on Climate
 Extinction of Species
 Biomagnification
 Effects on Biodiversity
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Prevention
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Disposal of Wastes
Recycling and Reuse
Biodegradable Products
 Grow More Trees
 Efficient Use of Resources
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IDENTIFY THE POTENTIAL LOCAL AND GLOBAL
ECONOMIC, AESTHETIC, AND MEDICAL
CONSEQUENCES OF AIR, LAND, AND WATER
POLLUTION AND EVALUATE PROPOSED SOLUTIONS.
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When the human caused effects of development adversely affect
land (especially in turns of quality of land), it can be termed as
land pollution.
Degenerative Actions encompass a lot of human actions,
including - deforestation, overuse of pesticides and chemical
fertilizers, desertification, mining, inefficient and / or
inadequate waste treatment, landfill, litter, etc.
Misuse of Land mainly refers to felling of trees to clear land for
agriculture, as well as processes like desertification and land
conversion. Desertification is when anthropogenic effects of
human development and / or other actions converts a piece of
(essentially) fertile land into desert-land or dryland.
Inefficient Use of Land
Soil Pollution is when the top-most 'soil' layer of land is
destroyed or polluted.
Land Conversion is the process whereby a piece of land is
converted from its indigenous form to a form used for either
agriculture or infrastructure.
IDENTIFY THE POTENTIAL LOCAL AND GLOBAL
ECONOMIC, AESTHETIC, AND MEDICAL
CONSEQUENCES OF AIR, LAND, AND WATER
POLLUTION AND EVALUATE PROPOSED SOLUTIONS.
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Water pollution is contamination of water by
water pollutants that are allowed to enter water
sources without first being treated to remove
compounds that are dangerous to people and
animals.
There are effects of water pollution that are
devastating. Statistics show that 14,000 people die
every day from harmful agents in the water.
Contaminated water leads to stomach sickness and
many people die from the sickness. Countries that
have adequate facilities to filter water still struggle
with water pollution
There are two types of water pollution. The first is
point source pollution; this is where contaminants
enter the water from a single source that can be
located. The second of water pollution is from nonpointed sources, these are sources that do not come
from one source but rather many sources working
together. An example of this is from fertilized land.
Water runoff collects come of the fertilizer from
several different fields and the fertilizer finds its
way into the water supply causing polluted water.
Water pollution is a constant battle all around the
world. Water treatment facilities work nonstop to
provide good clean water for everyone to enjoy.
IDENTIFY THE POTENTIAL LOCAL AND GLOBAL
ECONOMIC, AESTHETIC, AND MEDICAL
CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL WARMING AND EVALUATE
PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
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Greenhouse gases trap
heat in the atmosphere,
which makes the Earth
warmer. People are
adding several types of
greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases trap heat
in the atmosphere, which
makes the Earth warmer.
Carbon Dioxide is the main
greenhouse gas
ANALYZE THE LOCAL AND GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES
OF LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY.
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Biodiversity reflects the
number, variety and
variability of living organisms.
It includes diversity within
species, between species, and
among ecosystems.
Biodiversity loss has negative
effects on several aspects of
human well-being, such as food
security, vulnerability to natural
disasters, energy security, and
access to clean water and raw
materials. It also affects human
health, social relations, and
freedom of choice
CHARACTERIZE ECOSYSTEMS UNIQUE TO FLORIDA
(I.E., TERRESTRIAL, MARINE, FRESHWATER) AND
IDENTIFY INDICATOR SPECIES OF EACH.
Marine ecosystems are a part of the largest
aquatic system on the planet, covering over 70%
of the Earth's surface. The habitats that make up
this vast system range from the productive
nearshore regions to the barren ocean floor. Some
examples of important marine ecosystems are:
 Oceans
 Estuaries and Salt Marshes
 Coral Reefs and Other Tropical Communities
(Mangrove Forests)
 Coastal areas like Lagoons, Kelp and Seasgrass
Beds and Intertidal systems (rocky, sandy, and
muddy shores)
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CHARACTERIZE ECOSYSTEMS UNIQUE TO FLORIDA
(I.E., TERRESTRIAL, MARINE, FRESHWATER) AND
IDENTIFY INDICATOR SPECIES OF EACH.
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The Everglades is a major Florida ecosystem
with characteristics of both terrestrial and
aquatic biomes. Everglades National Park
(ENP) contains dry land areas: hardwood
hammock
Here, hardwood (flowering) trees grow in dense
profusion, sheltering smaller shrubs and other
plants with their shade. Many are xeriphytic.
Despite the great amount of water in the
Everglades, the soil is porous, and quickly
drains moisture.
Examples of plants: Gumbo limbo tree, Eastern
Live Oak, Poisonwood, Cocoplum, Pigeon plum,
pineland scrub
Here the dominant species is the Dade County
Slash Pine (Pinus elliotii), but many other
small, xeriphytes (i.e., plants adapted for dry
habitats) live.
Examples of plants: Dade County Pine, Saw
palmetto, many different xeriphytic shrubs and
annuals.
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marsh - shallow, slow-moving water
swamp - shallow, stagnant water that doesn't
move much
EVALUATE SUCCESSION IN COMMUNITIES.
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Succession is a process of
ecological change in which
a series of natural
communities are
established and then
replaced over time.
Primary succession takes
place on an area that is
originally completely empty
of life. As an example, an
area that has been covered
by a flow of lava has, for a
time, no life at all on it.
Secondary succession is far
more common. It occurs in
an area where life once
existed but has then been
destroyed.
BREAK TIME!!!
10. KNOWLEDGE OF EVOLUTIONARY
MECHANISMS 8 %
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7.
Compare evolution by natural selection with other theories
(e.g., Lamarck, Darwin).
Analyze the classical species concept and its limitations.
Compare systems of classification (e.g., classical taxonomy,
phenetics, cladistics).
Apply a taxonomic key to a set of objects.
Analyze variation within a species and its relationship to
changes along an environmental cline.
Identify factors affecting speciation and evolution in general
(e.g., mutation, recombination, isolation, sexual reproduction
and selection, genetic drift, plate tectonics and geographic
distribution).
Evaluate the role of mutation, recombination, isolation, sexual
reproduction and selection, genetic drift, and plate tectonics
and geographic distribution on evolution.
10. KNOWLEDGE OF EVOLUTIONARY
MECHANISMS 8 %
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Compare the concepts of punctuated equilibrium and
gradualism.
Distinguish between examples of evidences for evolutionary
theory (e.g., biochemical, morphological, embryological,
paleontological).
Analyze aspects of modern theories on the origin of life on
Earth.
Recognize general evolutionary trends as they relate to major
taxa.
Apply the Hardy-Weinberg formula and identify the
assumptions upon which it is based.
COMPARE EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
WITH OTHER THEORIES (E.G., LAMARCK,
DARWIN).
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In the hierarchial classificatory system of Linnaeus there is a
tacit acknowledgement of relatedness, for example, species
belonging to one genus have more in common with each other
than they do with species belonging to another genus.
Cuvier, also a creationist, was a comparative morphologist (he described
the similarity/dissimilarity in anatomy of diverse animals).
 Cuvier founded the science of paleontology and described the differences
between the fossil flora and fauna in different strata of rock: he observed
that the more recent strata had fossils that more closely resembled
extant organisms.
 Cuvier believed that the discontinuities between fossils in different
strata were brought about by catastrophes such as floods which caused
the extinction of many species living at a particular time. This
interpretation of earth's history is termed catastrophism and was also
held by many contemporary geologists.
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By contrast, Hutton and subsequently Lyell held that geological
processes are slow and subtle but that over prolonged periods of
time (millions of years) these can lead to major changes; implicit
in this viewpoint is an age for the earth radically different from
the 6,000 years of the biblical creationists.
COMPARE EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION
WITH OTHER THEORIES (E.G., LAMARCK,
DARWIN).
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Other key influences on Darwin were Malthus who had
concluded that war and famine were inevitable as the human
population grew more rapidly than available resources, and
Lamarck who had proposed a theory of evolution based on a
continuous process of gradual modification due to acquired
characteristics.
Both Darwin and Wallace brought together a multitude of
facts including the geographical distribution of organisms,
comparative morphology of living organisms and their fossil
precursors. They postulated that long-term environmental
changes including movement of land masses and changes in
climate could have served in the process of natural selection
over many generations with the result that diverse species
arose from ancestral types. Darwin termed this "descent with
modification" (the term "evolution" was introduced later, as
was the tautology "survival of the fittest"). Darwin's ideas can
be summarized in his own words from The Origin of Species:
ANALYZE THE CLASSICAL SPECIES
CONCEPT AND ITS LIMITATIONS.
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The biological species
concept defines a
species as members of
populations that
actually or potentially
interbreed in nature,
not according to
similarity of
appearance.
COMPARE SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION (E.G.,
CLASSICAL TAXONOMY, PHENETICS,
CLADISTICS).

The biological species
concept defines a
species as members of
populations that
actually or potentially
interbreed in nature,
not according to
similarity of
appearance.
COMPARE SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION (E.G.,
CLASSICAL TAXONOMY, PHENETICS,
CLADISTICS).
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A phylogenetic tree or
evolutionary tree is a
branching diagram or
"tree" showing the
inferred evolutionary
relationships among
various biological species
or other entities based
upon similarities and
differences in their
physical and/or genetic
characteristics. The taxa
joined together in the tree
are implied to have
descended from a common
ancestor.
COMPARE SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION (E.G.,
CLASSICAL TAXONOMY, PHENETICS,
CLADISTICS).
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Cladistics is a method of
classifying species of
organisms into groups called
clades, which consist of an
ancestor organism and all
its descendants (and nothing
else). For example, birds,
dinosaurs, crocodiles, and all
descendants (living or
extinct) of their most recent
common ancestor form a
clade. In the terms of
biological systematics, a
clade is a single "branch" on
the "tree of life", a
monophyletic group.
APPLY A TAXONOMIC KEY TO A SET OF
OBJECTS.
ANALYZE VARIATION WITHIN A SPECIES AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP TO CHANGES ALONG
AN ENVIRONMENTAL CLINE
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In biology, a cline possess or exhibit
gradient, in which a series of
biocommunities display a continuous
gradient.
More technically, clines consist of ecotypes
or forms of species that exhibit gradual
phenotypic and/or genetic differences over
a geographical area, typically as a result
of environmental heterogeneity.
Genetically, clines result from the change
of allele frequencies within the gene pool
of the group of taxa in question
Thermocline - A cline based on difference
in temperature,
Chemocline - A cline based on difference
in water chemistry,
Halocline - A cline based on difference in
water salinity,
Pycnocline - A cline based on difference in
water density.
IDENTIFY FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIATION AND EVOLUTION IN GENERAL (E.G.,
MUTATION, RECOMBINATION, ISOLATION, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND
SELECTION, GENETIC DRIFT, PLATE TECTONICS AND GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION).
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There are many barriers
to reproduction. Each
species may have its own
courtship displays, or
breeding season, so that
members of the two
species do not have the
opportunity to interbreed.
Or, the two species may
be unable to interbreed
successfully because of
failure of the egg to
become fertilized or to
develop.
IDENTIFY FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIATION AND EVOLUTION IN GENERAL (E.G.,
MUTATION, RECOMBINATION, ISOLATION, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND
SELECTION, GENETIC DRIFT, PLATE TECTONICS AND GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION).
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Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
Ecological isolation: Species occupy different habitats. The lion and tiger overlapped in India
until 150 years ago, but the lion lived in open grassland and the tiger in forest. Consequently,
the two species did not hybridize in nature (although they sometimes do in zoos).
Temporal isolation: Species breed at different times. In North America, five frog species of the
genus Rana differ in the time of their peak breeding activity.
Behavioral isolation: Species engage in distinct courtship and mating rituals (see Figure 1).
Mechanical isolation: Interbreeding is prevented by structural or molecular blockage of the
formation of the zygote. Mechanisms include the inability of the sperm to bind to the egg in
animals, or the female reproductive organ of a plant preventing the wrong pollinator from
landing.
IDENTIFY FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIATION AND EVOLUTION IN GENERAL (E.G.,
MUTATION, RECOMBINATION, ISOLATION, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND
SELECTION, GENETIC DRIFT, PLATE TECTONICS AND GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION).
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Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms Hybrid inviability. Development of the zygote
proceeds abnormally and the hybrid is aborted. (For instance, the hybrid egg
formed from the mating of a sheep and a goat will die early in development.)
Hybrid sterility. The hybrid is healthy but sterile. (The mule, the hybrid offspring
of a donkey and a mare, is sterile; it is unable to produce viable gametes because
the chromosomes inherited from its parents do not pair and cross over correctly
during meiosis (cell division in which two sets of chromosomes of the parent cell
are reduced to a single set in the products, termed gametes - see Figure).
Hybrid is healthy and fertile, but less fit, or infertility appears in later generations
(as witnessed in laboratory crosses of fruit flies, where the offspring of secondgeneration hybrids are weak and usually cannot produce viable offspring).
IDENTIFY FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIATION AND EVOLUTION IN GENERAL (E.G.,
MUTATION, RECOMBINATION, ISOLATION, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND
SELECTION, GENETIC DRIFT, PLATE TECTONICS AND GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION).
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A process in nature in which
organisms possessing certain
genotypic characteristics that
make them better adjusted to an
environment tend to survive,
reproduce, increase in number
or frequency, and therefore, are
able to transmit and perpetuate
their essential genotypic
qualities to succeeding
generations
IDENTIFY FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIATION AND EVOLUTION IN GENERAL (E.G.,
MUTATION, RECOMBINATION, ISOLATION, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND
SELECTION, GENETIC DRIFT, PLATE TECTONICS AND GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION).
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Genetic drift—along with natural selection, mutation, and
migration—is one of the basic mechanisms of evolution.
In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance,
leave behind a few more descendents (and genes, of course!)
than other individuals. The genes of the next generation
will be the genes of the “lucky” individuals, not necessarily
the healthier or “better” individuals. That, in a nutshell, is
genetic drift. It happens to ALL populations—there’s no
avoiding the vagaries of chance.
Bottleneck
Founders Effect
IDENTIFY FACTORS AFFECTING SPECIATION AND EVOLUTION IN GENERAL (E.G.,
MUTATION, RECOMBINATION, ISOLATION, SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND
SELECTION, GENETIC DRIFT, PLATE TECTONICS AND GEOGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION).
COMPARE THE CONCEPTS OF PUNCTUATED
EQUILIBRIUM AND GRADUALISM.
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Gradualism and
punctuated equilibrium
are two ways in which
the evolution of a
species can occur. A
species can evolve by
only one of these, or by
both. Scientists think
that species with a
shorter evolution
evolved mostly by
punctuated
equilibrium, and those
with a longer evolution
evolved mostly by
gradualism.
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN EXAMPLES OF EVIDENCES
FOR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY (E.G., BIOCHEMICAL,
MORPHOLOGICAL, EMBRYOLOGICAL,
PALEONTOLOGICAL).
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omparison of the genetic sequence of organisms has revealed
that organisms that are phylogenetically close have a higher
degree of sequence similarity than organisms that are
phylogenetically distant. Further evidence for common descent
comes from genetic detritus such as pseudogenes, regions of
DNA that are orthologous to a gene in a related organism, but
are no longer active and appear to be undergoing a steady
process of degeneration.
Fossils are important for estimating when various lineages
developed in geologic time
Further evidence comes from the field of biogeography because
evolution with common descent provides the best and most
thorough explanation for a variety of facts concerning the
geographical distribution of plants and animals across the
world. This is especially obvious in the field of island
biogeography. Combined with the theory of plate tectonics
common descent provides a way to combine facts about the
current distribution of species with evidence from the fossil
record to provide a logically consistent explanation of how the
distribution of living organisms has changed over time.
The development and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria,
like the spread of pesticide resistant forms of plants and
insects provides evidence that evolution due to natural
selection is an ongoing process in the natural world.
ANALYZE ASPECTS OF MODERN THEORIES
ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH.
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Miller and Urey experiment was an experiment that simulated
hypothetical conditions thought at the time to be present on the early
Earth, and tested for the occurrence of chemical origins of life.
Specifically, the experiment tested Alexander Oparin's and J. B. S.
Haldane's hypothesis that conditions on the primitive Earth favored
chemical reactions that synthesized organic compounds from
inorganic precursors.
The endosymbiotic theory concerns the mitochondria, plastids (e.g.
chloroplasts), and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic cells.
According to this theory, certain organelles originated as free-living
bacteria that were taken inside another cell as endosymbionts.
Mitochondria developed from proteobacteria and chloroplasts from
cyanobacteria.
Soup" theory: The early Earth had a chemically reducing atmosphere.
This atmosphere, exposed to energy in various forms, produced
simple organic compounds ("monomers"). These compounds
accumulated in a "soup", which may have been concentrated at
various locations (shorelines, oceanic vents etc.).By further
transformation, more complex organic polymers – and ultimately life
– developed in the soup.
RECOGNIZE GENERAL EVOLUTIONARY
TRENDS AS THEY RELATE TO MAJOR TAXA.
APPLY THE HARDY-WEINBERG FORMULA AND
IDENTIFY THE ASSUMPTIONS UPON
WHICH IT IS BASED.
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The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow scientists to determine
whether evolution has occurred. Any changes in the gene
frequencies in the population over time can be detected. The
law essentially states that if no evolution is occurring, then an
equilibrium of allele frequencies will remain in effect in each
succeeding generation of sexually reproducing individuals. In
order for equilibrium to remain in effect (i.e. that no evolution
is occurring) then the following five conditions must be met:
No mutations must occur so that new alleles do not enter the
population.
No gene flow can occur (i.e. no migration of individuals into, or
out of, the population).
Random mating must occur (i.e. individuals must pair by
chance)
The population must be large so that no genetic drift (random
chance) can cause the allele frequencies to change.
No selection can occur so that certain alleles are not selected
for, or against.