CHAPTER 12
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
2

CHAPTER GOALS

Name the organs of the respiratory system and describe their location and function.

Identify various pathological conditions that affect the system.

Learn medical terms that pertain to respiration.
3

CHAPTER GOALS

Describe important clinical procedures related to the respiratory system, and recognize relevant abbreviations.

Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
4

INTRODUCTION
External respiration: Exchange of air in lung capillaries
 oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs
 immediately passes into capillaries
 carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air sacs, to be exhaled
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INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)
Internal respiration: Exchange of gases in the cells


 occurs simultaneously between cells and capillaries oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the tissues carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs
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RESPIRATORY ANATOMY

Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches

Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung

Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images

Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit
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ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION
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ANATOMY OF RESPIRATION
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RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES
Conduct air





Nose
Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Exchange gases

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Lung capillaries
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RESPIRATORY FLOW CHART
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RESPIRATORY FLOW CHART
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VOCABULARY
 adenoids
 alveolus (alveoli)
 apex of the lung
 base of the lung
 brochioles
 bronchus (bronchi)
 carbon dioxide
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VOCABULARY
 cilia
 diaphragm
 epiglottis
 expiration
 glottis
 hilum
 inspiration
 larynx
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VOCABULARY
 lobe
 mediastinum
 nares
 oxygen
 palatine tonsil
 paranasal sinus
 parietal pleura
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VOCABULARY
 pharynx
 pleura
 pleural cavity
 pulmonary parenchyma
 respiration
 trachea
 visceral pleura
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is the tip or uppermost portion of the lung?
A.
base
B.
lobe
C.
apex
D.
nares
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COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form Meaning
 adenoid/o adenoids
 alveol/o alveolus, air sac
 bronch/o bronchial tube
 bronchi/o bronchus
 bronchiol/o bronchiole, small bronchus
 capn/o carbon dioxide
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COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form Meaning
 coni/o
 cyan/o dust blue
 epiglott/o epiglottis
 laryng/o
 lob/o larynx, voice box lobe of the lung
 mediastin/o mediastinum
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COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form Meaning
 nas/o
 orth/o
 phon/o nose straight, upright

 ox/o pector/o oxygen chest
 pharyng/o pharynx, throat voice
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COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form Meaning
 phren/o
 pleur/o
 rhin/o diaphragm pleura
 pneum/o air, lung
 pneumon/o lung
 pulmon/o lung nose
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COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form
 sinus/o
 spir/o
 tel/o
 thorac/o
 tonsill/o
 trache/o
Meaning sinus cavity breathing complete chest tonsils trachea, windpipe
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COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND
TERMINOLOGY
SUFFIXES
Suffix
-ema
-osmia
-pnea
-ptysis
-sphyxia
-thorax
Meaning condition smell breathing spitting pulse pleural cavity, chest
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DIAGNOSTIC TERMS
 auscultation
 percussion
 pleural rub
 rale (crackle)
 rhonchus
 sputum
 stridor
 wheeze
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PATHOLOGY
Upper Respiratory Disorders
 croup
 diphtheria
 epistaxis
 pertussis
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PATHOLOGY
Bronchial Tube Disorders



 asthma bronchiectasis chronic bronchitis cystic fibrosis
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PATHOLOGY
Lung Disorders
 atelectasis
 emphysema
 lung cancer
 pneumoconiosis
 pneumonia
 pulmonary abscess




 pulmonary edema pulmonary embolism
(PE) pulmonary fibrosis sarcoidosis tuberculosis (TB)
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PATHOLOGY
LUNG DISORDERS
Atelectasis

Two forms

Proximal obstruction of distal airways

Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air in pleural cavity
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PATHOLOGY
Pleural Disorders
 mesothelioma
 pleural effusion
 pleurisy (pleuritis)
 pneumothorax
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PATHOLOGY
PLEURAL DISORDERS
Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity
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STUDY SECTION





 anthracosis asbestosis bacilli chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) cor pulmonale exudate






 hydrothorax infiltrate palliative paroxysmal pulmonary infarction purulent silicosis
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES

X-rays
 chest x-ray (CXR)
 computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
 pulmonary angiography
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
X-rays: Radiographic imaging
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
Magnetic waves create images
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES

Radioactive Tests

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung:

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Bronchioscopy: Fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
 laryngoscopy
 lung biopsy
 mediastinoscopy
 pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

 thoracotomy thorascopy


 tracheostomy tuberculin test tube thoracostomy
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space
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CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Tracheostomy: Surgical creation of opening into the trachea through the neck
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning adenoid/o alveol/o bronch/o
____________
____________
____________ bronchi/o ____________ bronchiol/o ____________ capn/o ____________
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

Meaning adenoid/o adenoids
 alveol/o alveolus; air sac; small sac
 bronch/o
 bronchi/o bronchial tube bronchial tube
 bronchiol/o bronchiole
 capn/o carbon dioxide
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning coni/o cyan/o epiglott/o
___________
___________
___________ laryng/o lob/o
___________
___________ mediastin/o ___________
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning

 coni/o cyan/o dust blue
 epiglott/o epiglottis

 laryng/o lob/o larynx (voice box) lobe
 mediastin/o mediastinum
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form nas/o orth/o ox/o pector/o pharyng/o phon/o
Meaning
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning


 nas/o orth/o ox/o nose straight oxygen
 pector/o
 phon/o chest
 pharyng/o throat (pharynx) voice; sound
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning phren/o pleur/o pneum/o
___________
___________
___________ pneumon/o ___________ pulmon/o ___________ rhin/o ___________
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form Meaning

 phren/o pleur/o diaphragm; mind pleura
 pneum/o lung; air; gas
 pneumon/o lung; air; gas
 pulmon/o lung
 rhin/o nose
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form sinus/o spir/o tel/o thorac/o tonsill/o trache/o
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
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REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
 sinus/o
 spir/o
 tel/o
 thorac/o
 tonsill/o
 trache/o
Meaning sinus to breathe complete chest tonsil trachea (windpipe)
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REVIEW SHEER
SUFFIXES
Suffix
-ema
-osmia
-pnea
-ptysis
-sphyxia
-thorax
Meaning
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
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REVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXES
Suffix

-ema

-osmia

-pnea

-ptysis

-sphyxia

-thorax
Meaning condition smell breathing spitting pulse chest; pleural cavity
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