http://www.telegrapghindia.com
Pakistan: War, Peace
and The Struggle for
Power
Rob Hillhouse Sara Lucas
Austin 2006
Rosemary Morrow
Pakistan
• Mnemonic from names
of Muslim-majority
provinces in northwest
areas in India
• Meaning: Creation of a
land of the “pure”
http://www.infopak.gov.pk/public/country_profile_index.htm
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Pakistan
Pynjab
Afghania
Kashmir
SInd
T
BaluchisTAN
A
N
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Pakistan
• 1 Balochistan
• 2 North-West
Frontier Province
• 5 Islamabad Capital
Territory
• 6 Federally Administered
Tribal Areas
• 3 Punjab
• 7 Azad Kashmir
• 4 Sindh
• 8 Northern Areas
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Islamic Republic of Pakistan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_and_politics
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Symbols of Pakistan
http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/
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Pakistan
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Religions
•Muslim 97%
–(Sunni 77%,
–Shi'a 20%),
•Christian,
Hindu, and
other 3%
http://www.pakistanlink.com/
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Muhammad Iqbal
When a Community forsakes its Law
Its parts are severed, like the scattered dust.
The being of the Muslim rests alone
On Law, which is in truth the inner core
Of the Apostle’s faith.
The Secrets of the Self, 1920
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Power
Knowing that, throughout history, societies
are part of the struggle for power, we ask:
– How do different individuals and groups seize
power and establish their authority?
– What elements beyond political or military
strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of
power?
– How do systems of government preserve or
relinquish power?
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Pakistan: Difficult Beginnings
•Nationalists were divided into different
groups with no clear idea of what the
new state would look like.
•The independence movement
represented only the secularized,
Westernized elite.
•The masses wanted to see an Islamic
state.
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Jinnah and Gandhi - 1944
http://www.pakistan.gov/pk/
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Modern State vs. Islamic State
•Agree on a democracy
•Disagree on underpinning
Principles
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Modern State vs. Islamic State
•Modernist
•Conservatives
intellectuals
and
fundamentalists
and politicians
wanted to create wanted to
a secular,
create a “theoconstitutional
democratic”
government.
state.
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Pakistani Leadership
• 1947-1948
Muhammed Ali Jinnah
Governor General
• 1948-1951
Liaquat Ali Khan
Prime Minister
• 1951-1958
Six Different Prime Ministers
• 1958-1969
General Ayub Khan
President
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Pakistani Leadership
• 1969-1973
General Yahya Khan
Military Leadership
• 1973-1977
Zulfigar Ali Bhutto
Prime Minister
• 1977-1988
General Zia ul-Haq
President
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Pakistani Leadership
• 1988-1990
1993-1996
Benazir Bhutto
Prime Minister
• 1990-1993
1997-1999
Nawaz Sharif
Prime Minister
• 1999
General Pervez Musharraf
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Muhammed Ali Jinnah
1947-1948
• "... this is my own very
strong conviction that if
the Quaid [Mohammed
Ali Jinnah] had died in
March 1947, there
would have been no
Pakistan. It was pure
will power, sheer will
power of the man.”
--Syed Amjad Ali
http://www.harappa.com/amjad_ali/jinnah.html
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Muhammed Ali Jinnah
1947-1948
Jinnah, head of the
Muslim League, was the
founding father of
Pakistan and became
the first governor
general of Pakistan with
Liaquat Ali Khan as the
first prime minister.
Jinnah died a year later
on Sept. 11, 1948.
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Liaquat Ali Khan
1947-1951
• Remained as prime
minister after Jinnah’s
death.
• Struggled to negotiate a
constitution.
• Was assassinated in
1951.
Liaquat Ali Khan with Pres. Truman
during his 1950 visit to the U.S.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon
/timeline2.html
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1951-1958
• Pakistan still governed by British colonial law
• Quick succession of 6 prime ministers in 7
years
• Political instability, racial and ethnic conflict,
and an economic downturn resulted in a
military coup
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Constitution of 1956
•Collection of “modern,” secular laws
-parliamentary democracy
•Guiding influence of Islam
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General Ayub Khan
1958-1969
• Pakistan’s first military
ruler
• Popular reforms won
him reelection in 1960
• Martial law ended with
1962 constitution
• Resigned in 1969 and
gave power to Gen.
Yahya Khan
Austin 2006
www.frontlineonnet.com
Constitution of 1962
• Focused on a liberal, modernist interpretation
of Islam
• Gen. Ayub Khan intervened in politics to
prevent Jamaat-l Islami from taking power.
• Appointment of 37 reform commissions with
little concern for Islamic issue
• Jamaat-l Islami operating as a political party in
elections
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General Yahya Khan
1969-1971
www.thestoryofpakistan.com
• Immediately declared
martial law and made
himself president
• Held the first general
elections of Pakistan in
Dec. 1970
• Differences between
East and West Pakistan
led to civil war and
Bangladesh’s
independence
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Pakistan
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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
1971
• Leader of the most popular
party
• Became president when
Yahya Khan resigned in
August 1973, and a new
constitution went into
effect.
• Bhutto resigned from the
presidency to become prime
minister
• Later was overthrown and
hanged
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/319906.stm
Constitution of 1973
• Product of Zulfigar Ali Bhutto, who made
concessions to Jamaat-l Islami
• Islam declared state religion for the first time
• Compulsory Islamic education
• Demanded published “error-free” Qur’an
• Banned horseracing, gambling, alcohol, night
clubs and dancing.
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Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Hag
1977-1985
• Enforced Martial Law
for the third time in the
short Pakistani history
• Commissioned in the
British Army in World
War II and served in
Burma, Malaya and
Indonesia
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html
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General Zia-ul-Haq
• Joined Pakistani army when Pakistan became
independent.
• Appointed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as Chief of
Army Staff, superseding five senior Generals.
• Carried out a bloodless coup overthrowing
Bhutto's government and enforced Martial
Law in the country.
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General Zia’s Amendments
• Zia intervened to remove “corrupt” Bhutto
constitution.
• Shari’a incorporated into politics and lawpunishment for crimes
• Law amended to give lesser status to women
and minorities
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Benazir Bhutto
1988-1990; 1993-1996
www.cia.gov/cia/publicantions/factbood/geos/pk/html
• Educated at Ratcliff and
Oxford
• Detained and
imprisoned for
leadership of Pakistan
Peoples Party
• Pledged to focus on
health, social welfare
and education
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Benazir Bhutto
• First woman to head
government of an
Islamic state
• Deposed in 1990 by
President Ghulam Ishaq
Khan who dissolved
parliament to force an
election.
• Re-elected in 1993 and
dismissed three years
later
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http://www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm
Nawaq Sharif
1990-1993; 1997-1999
• Two non-consecutive
terms as prime minister
• First term: platform of
conservative
government to end
corruption.
• Returned to power in
1997, changed the
constitution.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk.html
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Nawaq Sharif
• South Asia’s first
motorway linked
Lahore and Islamabad.
• Nuclear tests on May
28, 1998, responded to
Indian nuclear tests
• Unpopular after “Kargil
War,” at the time
Pakistan and India
were negotiating peace.
• Overthrown in 1999,
exiled to Saudi Arabia
Sharif taking oath as P.M. for second time
http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A088
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Pervez Musharraf
2001-present
• Became de facto Head of
Government after
bloodless coup d’état
• Supreme Court ordered
elections and
referendum
• National Assembly had
plurality in favor of
Musharraf-deadlocked
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html
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Pervez Musharraf
2001-present
• Vote of confidence in 2004 for term through
2007
• Sided with United States against Taliban
• Declared that exiled leaders could not return
for general elections.
• Gave use of three air bases to United States
• Serves as both Army Chief and President
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Musharraf and Bush
2006
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_and_politics
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Power: Military as Political Actors
• From General Khan to General Musharraf, military
has intervened in Pakistani politics to prevent
damage to the constitution.
• Example: Gen. Musharraf seized power when civilian
prime minister removed constitutional checks on his
power
• Military has produced both liberal and conservative
leaders.
• Military intervened to remove Ali Bhutto from power
and also intervened to ensure his daughter, Benazir
Bhutto, could participate in a fair election.
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Power
Knowing that, throughout history, societies
are part of the struggle for power, we ask:
– How do different individuals and groups seize
/
power and establish their
authority?
– What elements beyond political or military
strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of
power?
– How do systems of government preserve or
relinquish power?
Austin 2006
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Resources
Ahmad, Aziz. “Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857-1964.”
The Genesis of Pakistan. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.
British Broadcasting Company
http://newsvot.bbc.co.uk/
Esposito, John L. “Muhammad Iqbal and the Islamic State.” Voices of
Resurgent Islam. Ed. John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1983.
National Geographic Xpeditions: Geography Standards in Your
Classroom
http://nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=as
ia&Rootmap=pakist&Mode=d
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Resources (continued)
Pakistan.Gov: The Official Web Gateway to the
Government of Pakistan. http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/
Pakistan Link. http://www.pakistanlink.com/
Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations, New
Work. http://www.un.int/pakistan/00home00.htm
Public Broadcast Television Wide Angle
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon/timeline1.html
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Resources (continued)
Story of Pakistan http://www.storyofpakistan.com/
WIC Biography – Benazir Bhutto
http://www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm/
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan
The World Fact Book, Central Intelligence Agency.
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk.html
Austin 2006