1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Warm Up
What is Imperialism?
Define Social Darwinism:
What is the White Man’s Burden?
Asia was an important source of what?
Great Britain takes over Burma to get
what resource?
6. Define Protectorate:
Warm Up
1. Great Britain takes over Burma to get
what resource?
2. Define Protectorate:
3. Define Indirect Rule:
4. Define Direct Rule:
5. Name 2 Benefits of Imperialism for the
colony:
DECLINE OF THE QING DYNASTY
Warm Up Japan
1. What country was the first to succeed in
opening trade with Japan?
2. Who did they send to talk with Japan?
3. 2 things that the Treaty of Kanagawa
provide:
4. Meji means what?
5. Why did Japan feel they needed to
imperialize?
6. What 2 countries did Japan go to war with?
Warm Up Africa
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What is the importance of the Suez Canal?
What African country does Italy lose to?
Who explores Africa for 30 years?
What country took control and brutalized the
Congo?
Who is the Zulu leader?
Legal segregation in South Africa is called what?
What is the purpose of the Berlin Conference?
Who was not invited to this conference?
2 countries that remain independent in Africa:
Causes For Decline
• Some of the reasons for decline included gov’t
corruption, peasant unrest, rapid growth of population
and food shortages
• A major reason was the intense external pressure
applied to Chinese society by the West
– The ships, guns, and ideas of foreigners highlighted
the growing weakness of the Qing dynasty and
hastened its end
The Opium War
• Chinese rulers believed all nations besides China were
barbaric and wanted little contact with them
– Restricted European merchants to a small trading
outlet at Guangzhou (Canton)
– The British do not like this since they have an
unfavorable balance of trade with China
• Import tea, silk, and porcelain, but the Chinese
don’t want European goods
• Have to pay in silver to cover the difference
– Try to negotiate with the Chinese to improve the
trade balance – this fails
• Britain turns to trading opium
– Opium is a highly addictive drug that is grown in
northern India
– Demand increases in South China and silver starts to
flow out of China into British pockets
• The Chinese gov’t is upset
– Know opium is addictive and dangerous
– Have previously made opium trade illegal
– Appeal to the British gov’t on moral grounds to stop
the drug trafficking
• However the opium trade is making Britain lots of
money and they refuse to stop the trade
• The first drug war 1839-1842
– The Chinese blockade the area around Guangzhou
and order the destruction of British opium
– The British respond with force and China is no match
for the British navy
– The British destroy Chinese coastal and river forts
and sail unopposed up the Yangtze River to Nanjing
Pg. 746
• Treaty of Nanjing
– First in a series of unequal treaties that benefit
European countries at the expense of China
– Terms the Chinese agree to:
• Open up five more ports for trade
• Limit tariffs on British goods
• Pay for cost of war
• Give island of Hong Kong to Britain
• Agree to extraterritoriality = Europeans who are
accused of crimes have the right to be tried in
their own courts, not Chinese courts and are not
subject to Chinese laws
• Marks the beginning of the establishment of Western
influence in China
Tai Ping Rebellion
• Internal economic problems and the failure of the Qing
to resist Western powers led some Chinese to believe
that the Qing had lost the mandate of heaven
– All this leads to a peasant revolt called the Tai Ping
Rebellion (1850-1864)
– Led by Hong Xiuquan, a Christian convert
• Views himself as the younger brother of Jesus
• Believes God gave him the mission to destroy the
Qing dynasty
• With the help of large numbers of peasants, Hong
captures large territories in southeastern China
– Proclaims a new dynasty, the “Heavenly Kingdom of
Great Peace”
• No one would be poor – all lands and food should
be held in common
• His rebellion appeals to many because it calls for
social reforms – give land to peasants and treat
women as the equals of men
– Massacre at Nanjing – the Tai Ping seize the city and
kill 25,000 people
• Europeans come to the aid of the Qing because they see
the Tai Ping as destructive
– The Qing, with European help, recapture Nanjing and
destroy the remaining rebel force
• The Tai Ping Rebellion was one of the most devastating
civil wars in history
– More than 20 million people died
• The Qing failed to deal with internal problems because
they were busy struggling against the West
– In 1856 Britain and France launched more attacks
against China and captured the capital of Beijing in
1860
– Treaty of Tianjin – another unequal treaty
• Chinese agree to legalize the opium trade
• Open more ports for trade and give Britain the
peninsula of Kowloon
Opium War
Between
Causes
Leader
Who Wins
Results
Foreign influence:
Increased or
Decreased?
Tai Ping Rebellion
Efforts at Reform
• Movement called “self-strengthening”
– Some officials called for reform, stating that China
should adopt Western technology
– Factories, railroads, and shipyards are built
– The military begins to modernize
– Ultimately it fails – too much resistance from
Confucian scholars and high-ranking officials
European Imperialism
• Western powers rush to claim more territory in
China
– Noted the weakness of the Qing dynasty
• Imperialism in China consists of spheres of influence
created by European powers
– Spheres of influence = areas where the imperial
powers had exclusive trading rights and
extraterritoriality
– Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan all
establish spheres of influence
• Sino-Japanese War (1894)
– China goes to war with Japan over Korea
– China is completely defeated and Japan receives
Taiwan
• More territory granted
– 1897 two German missionaries are murdered by
Chinese rioters
• Germany uses this as a pretext to demand new
territories
– When the Chinese gov’t agrees, other European
nations make new claims on territory
• Young emperor Guang Xu launches a massive reform
program known as the One Hundred Days of Reform
(1898)
– Issues edicts calling for major political and
educational reforms
– Wants to follow western models of gov’t, banks,
fighting techniques, and schools
– Wants to change the civil service exam and
modernize the army
• Many conservatives oppose the reforms, along with the
emperor’s aunt, Empress Dowager Ci Xi
– She imprisons the emperor with the help of the
imperial army and ends the reform efforts
– Thought it would threaten the rule of the Qing
dynasty
Open Door Policy
• The U.S. fears that the European powers would overrun
the country and divide it among themselves
– If this happens, then the U.S. would lose its
profitable trade in China
• 1899 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay proposes the
Open Door Policy
– Equal access to the Chinese markets for all nations
and preserving the unity of the Chinese Empire
– Reflects American concern for the survival of China
and the desire for American trade
– Did not end the spheres of influence
The Boxer Rebellion
• Several nationalist groups wanted to restore glory back
to China
• One group was called the Boxers = popular name given
to members of a secret organization called the Society
of Harmonious Fists
– They were upset by the foreign takeover of their
country
– Especially disliked foreign missionaries and Chinese
converts – saw them as threats to Chinese traditions
• Beginning of 1900, Boxer bands started roaming the
countryside, killing missionaries and converts, along
with foreign businessmen and a German envoy
Read Boxer Rebellion pg. 749
– The Boxers also laid siege to the foreign compounds
in Beijing and held the foreigners hostage for 55 days
• An allied army consisting of 20,000 troops from Britain,
France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and the U.S. attack
Beijing
– They end the rebellion and restore order
– In return they demand more concessions from the
Chinese gov’t and force the gov’t to pay an indemnity
• Indemnity = payment for damages
– Left the gov’t even weaker
• In the end, internal problems and the European
advance into China proved to be the undoing of the
Qing
Foreign Troops in China
1911 Revolution
• Radicals started calling for the overthrow of the Qing
dynasty and the creation of a Chinese republic
• One of the leaders of these radicals was Sun Yat-sen
– He wanted to replace the Qing with a ruling
nationalist party that would act as a guardian until
the Chinese people were ready for democracy
• In 1912 the emperor abdicated, bringing an end to the
last dynasty of China
– China then declared itself a republic