BiomoleculesCARBOHYDRATES
The Molecules of Cells
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Entire organism
System
Organs
Tissue
Cells
Organelle
Molecules
Atoms
Molecular/atoms lowest
level of organization
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Organic chemistry
Chemistry of
Carbon
 CHNOPS
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Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Forms a bond with
4 other atoms in which
electrons are shared forming
a covalent compound
C
All are polymers
All are organic (C) compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Lipids
 Nucleic
Acids
Differ in terms of composition and function
Chapter 3: Big Ideas
Introduction to Organic
Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Monomers
• Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• MONOSACCHARIDES (mono = one; saccharide = sugar):
o Glucose (C6H12O6) – found in plants and blood
o Fructose - found in fruit
• DISACCHARIDES (di = two monosaccharides):
o Lactose – sugar found in milk (glucose + galactose)
• POLYSACCHARIDES (poly = 3 or more monosaccharides)
Structure
• Carbohydrates ( many sugar
molecules) –
–ALL sugars end in -ose
–Main source of energy (short term)
–Gives structure
–Made up of C, H, O
–Ratio 1:2:1
Learning Check:
• What is the monomer for
carb?
• Monosaccharides
• What process builds carbs?
• Dehydration Synthesis
Learning Check
• 2 saccharides joined together are
called?
• Disaccharide
• 3 or more saccarides joined are
called?
• polysaccharides
Learning Check
• Sugars end in what 3 letters?
• -ose
• What purpose do carbs serve?
• Main short term energy source
• What CHNOPS make up carbs? In
what ratio?
Carbohydrates
What do they have in common?
Carbohydrates-Common
Features
All have C, H, O
• -OH
• C=O
Several OH (alcohol) groups
This group LOVES water, Hydrophilic
Polar and water soluble
C with a double bond to an oxygen
Aldehyde or ketone
Joins w/an –OH to form a cyclic structure
The resulting C (C-1) has OH/H
Position of OH determines further
bonding
Forms of Carbohydrates
Function
Examples
Functions
Glucose, Ribose, Deoxyribose
Quick energy
Glycogen – stored in muscles and
liver (it’s like an energy bar for
animals)
Glucose-made by
photosynthesis/plants
Energy storage
Starch – stored in plants (potatoe)
Chitin – Exoskeleton of insects
Structural
Cellulose – cell wall of plants
Production
• Glucose is produced in the chloroplasts
of plants through photosynthesis
• Glucose is broken down in the
mitochondria of living organisms
through cellular respiration to make
ATP (energy)
Learning Check
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Where is glucose made?
Chloroplasts of plants
What process makes glucose?
Photosynthesis
What organelle breaks it down?
Mitochondria
What process breaks it down?
Cellular respiration
What do we eat to obtain
sugars and carbs?
•Pasta, bread, rice,
potatoes
•Any plant!
Where do we obtain carbs?
• When sugars join together
forming carbs water is lost
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
• When carbs are separated,
water is added
HYDROLYSIS
Recap
• Structure
–Made up of C, H, O
–Ratio 1:2:1
–End in –ose
–Main source of energy (short term)
• Monomer
–Monosaccharide
Recap
*Production
–In the chloroplast of plants through
photosynthesis
–Broken down in the mitochondria of all
living organisms through cellular
respiration
–We obtain them from eating PLANTS,
main sources:
Bread, pasta, potatoes, and rice.
Learning Check
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What do we eat to obtain Carbs?
Pasta, bread, rice, potatoes, PLANTS!
Process to form carbs?
Dehydration Synthesis
Process to break carbs down?
Hydrolysis