• Chemistry of carbon-containing compounds
• Most of these come from living things
– Not necessarily the case
• ~30 million chemical compounds known
– 95% are compounds made of carbon
Chapter 9 2

• Able to bond strongly to other carbon atoms
– Forms long chains
– Very few other atoms can form short chains, let alone long chains
• Capable of forming ring structures
• Bonds strongly to other elements
– In particular, H, O, and N
Chapter 9 3

• Made of carbon and hydrogen
• Several classes
• Alkanes
– Contain only single bonds
– Saturated hydrocarbons
– Each C atom bonded to maximum number of H atoms
Chapter 9 4

• Chemical formula C n n = 1, 2, 3, …
H
2 n +2
• CH
4
, methane, simplest one
• C
2
H
6
, ethane
• All have – ane ending
– Follow a pattern
Chapter 9 5

• Condensed structural formulas
– Show how many hydrogens are attached to each carbon
CH
3
-CH
3 for ethane
• Structural formulas show how atoms are bonded together
Chapter 9 6

• Isomers: compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulas
• Differences in structure may give rise to differences in chemical and physical properties
Chapter 9 7

• Number of possible isomers increases rapidly with the number of carbons
– C
30
H
62
– >4 billion possible isomers
Chapter 9 8

Chapter 9 9

• Main property: will burn
Chapter 9 10

• Carbon atom chains in form of rings
• Can be represented by structural formulas or symbolic representations
Chapter 9 11

• Can have more hydrogen atoms added
• Very important in biological systems
• Alkene: hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbonto-carbon double bonds
– General formula of C n
H n
• Simplest: ethylene, C
2
H
4
Chapter 9 12

• Alkyne: hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-to-carbon triple bonds
• General formula of C n
H
2 n –
2
• Simplest: acetylene, C
2
H
2
Chapter 9 13

• Similar physical properties to alkanes
• Undergo more reactions than alkanes
– Addition reaction: add compounds across double bond
– Importantly, they can form polymers
Chapter 9 14

• Contain double or triple bonds, but do not show the same reactivity as other unsaturated hydrocarbons
H • Benzene: C
6
H
6
• Used mainly as solvents
H H
Chapter 9
H
H
15
H

• Add Cl to hydrocarbons
– Increase reactivity of alkanes
• Dissolve fats, oils, and greases
– Useful for dry cleaning
• Tend to accumulate in fatty tissues
– If toxic, this will be a problem
Chapter 9 16

• Tend to be either liquids or gases
• Completely inert
– Except in upper atmosphere
• O
2 soluble in fluorinated compounds
– Temporary substitute for hemoglobin
Chapter 9 17

• Group of atoms that gives a family of organic compounds its characteristic chemical and physical properties
• Alkyl group: derived from alkane by removing a H
– R stands for alkyl group in general
Chapter 9 18

Chapter 9 19

• –OH group
• Replace e with ol
• CH
3
OH, methanol, simplest
• Produced industrially
– Mainly a chemical intermediate
Chapter 9 20

• C
2
H
5
OH, ethanol
• Made industrially and by fermentation
– Industrially produced alcohol has noxious substances added
• Small, simple alcohols tend to be toxic
Chapter 9 21

• Several common alcohols have more than one –OH group
• Ethylene glycol: main ingredient in antifreeze
• Glycerol: used in lotions
– Ingredent in some explosives
Chapter 9 22

• –OH group on benzene ring
– Different chemical properties than other alcohols
– Behaves more like an acid
• First antiseptic
– Also causes skin irritation
OH
Chapter 9 23

• Two alkyl groups attached to same O
– Example CH
3
CH
2
-O-CH
2
CH
3
• Used mainly as solvent
• Little chemical reactivity
– Insoluble in water
– Highly flammable
Chapter 9 24

Chapter 9 25

• Both contain carbonyl group (C=O)
• Aldehyde: R-CHO
• Ketone: R-CO-R’
Chapter 9 26

• Change e ending to al
• Produced by oxidation of alcohols
• Formaldehyde – used as a preservative
• Larger ones used as fragrances
– Benzaldehyde – flavor in maraschino cherries
O
C H
Chapter 9 27

• Change e ending to one
• Acetone most common ketone
– Used primarily as a solvent
• Produced by oxidation of alcohols
O
H
3
C
C
Chapter 9
CH
3
28

Chapter 9 29

• Contains C=O and –OH group on same carbon
• Change e to oic acid
• Acetic acid: acid in vinegar
O
R C
Chapter 9
OH
30

Chapter 9 31

• Derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols
• Tend to be fragrant
– Methyl butyrate
– Ethyl butyrate
– Ethyl formate
– Methyl salicylate apple pineapple rum wintergreen
Chapter 9 32

• Contain N
• May have 1, 2, or 3 alkyl or aromatic groups
• Most biological amines are amino acids
– Building blocks of proteins
Chapter 9 33

R
• N bonded directly to carbonyl group
O
• Linkage that holds proteins together
R''
N
R'
Chapter 9 34

• Ring compounds that have something other than C in the ring
• Occur in plants
– Alkaloids: basic in solution
– Examples: caffeine, morphine, cocaine
• Form basic structure of DNA
Chapter 9 35