The Income Statement, and
Comprehensive Income.
Chapter 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Discuss the importance of income from continuing operations and describe its
components.
2. Describe earnings quality and how it is impacted by management practices to
manipulate earnings.
3. Discuss the components of operating and non-operating income and their
relationship to earnings quality.
4. Define what constitutes discontinued operations and describe the appropriate
income statement presentation for these transactions.
5. Define extraordinary items and describe the appropriate income statement
presentation for these transactions.
6. Define earnings per share (EPS) and explain required disclosures of EPS for
certain income statement components.
7. Explain the difference between net income and comprehensive income and
how we report components of the difference.
NOT COVERED
8. Describe the purpose of the statement of cash flows.
9. Identify and describe the various classifications of cash flows presented in a
| statement of cash flows.
10. Discuss the primary differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS with respect
to the income statement.
An income
statement for a
hypothetical
manufacturing
company that you
can refer to as we
proceed through
the chapter.
4-4
Income from Continuing Operations
Revenues
Expenses
Inflows of
resources
resulting
from
providing
goods or
services to
customers.
Outflows of
resources
incurred in
generating
revenues.
Gains and
Losses
Income Tax
Expense
Increases or
decreases in
equity from
peripheral or
incidental
transactions
of an entity.
Because of
its
importance
and size,
income tax
expense is a
separate
item.
4-5
Operating versus Nonoperating Income
Operating
Income
Nonoperating
Income
Includes revenues
and expenses
directly related to
the principal
revenuegenerating
activities of the
company
Includes certain
gains and losses
and revenues and
expenses related
to peripheral or
incidental
activities of the
company
4-6
Income Stmt. (Single-Step) NOT COVERED
Proper Heading
Revenues
& Gains
Expenses
& Losses
4-7
Income Statement (Multiple-Step)
Proper
Heading
Gross
Profit
Operating
Expenses
Nonoperating
Items
4-8
U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS
There are more similarities than differences between
income statements prepared according to U.S. GAAP
and those prepared applying IFRS.
Some differences are highlighted below.

Has no minimum requirements.

Specifies certain minimum information
to be reported on the face of the
income statement.

SEC requires that expenses be classified
by function.

Allows expenses classified by function
or natural description.

“Bottom line” called net income or net
loss.

“Bottom line” called profit or loss.

Prohibits reporting extraordinary items.

Report extraordinary items separately.
4-9
Earnings Quality
Earnings quality refers to the ability of
reported earnings to predict
a company’s future earnings.
Transitory Earnings
versus
Permanent Earnings
Manipulating Income and
Income Smoothing
“Most executives prefer to report earnings
that follow a smooth, regular, upward path.”
~Ford S. Worthy, “Manipulating Profits: How It’s Done,” Fortune
Two ways to manipulate
income:
1. Income shifting
2. Income statement
classification
4-10
4-11
Operating Income and Earnings Quality
Restructuring Costs
Costs associated with shutdown or
relocation of facilities or
downsizing of operations are
recognized in the period incurred.
Goodwill Impairment
and Long-lived Asset
Impairment
Involves asset impairment losses
or charges.
Nonoperating Income and
Earnings Quality
Gains and losses generated from the sale of
investments often can significantly inflate or
deflate current earnings.
How should those
Example
As the stock market boom reached gains be interpreted
in terms of their
its height late in the year 2000,
relationship to
many companies recorded large
future earnings?
gains from sale of investments
that had appreciated significantly Are they transitory
or permanent?
in value.
4-12
4-13
Separately Reported Items
Reported separately, net of taxes:
Discontinued
operations
Extraordinary
items
4-14
Intraperiod Income Tax Allocation
Income Tax Expense must be associated with
each component of income that causes it.
Show Income Tax
Expense related to
Income from Continuing
Operations.
Report effects of
Discontinued Operations and
Extraordinary Items net of
related income tax effect.
4-15
Extraordinary Items
An extraordinary item is a material
event or transaction that is both:
1. Unusual in nature, and
2. Infrequent in occurrence
Extraordinary items are reported net
of related taxes
4-16
U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS
The scarcity of extraordinary gains and losses reported in
corporate income statements and the desire to converge
U.S. and international accounting standards could guide
the FASB to the elimination of the extraordinary item
classification.

Report extraordinary items
separately in the income
statement.

Prohibits reporting
extraordinary items in the
income statement or notes.
4-17
Unusual or Infrequent Items
Items that are material and are
either unusual or infrequent—but not
both—are included as separate
items in continuing operations.
4-18
Discontinued Operations
As part of the continuing process to converge U.S. GAAP and
international standards, the FASB and IASB have been
working together to develop a common definition and a
common set of disclosures for discontinued operations.
The proposed ASU defines a discontinued operation as a
“component” that either (a) has been disposed of or (b) is
classified as held for sale, and represents one of the following:
1. a separate major line of business or major geographical area of
operations,
2. part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of a separate major
line of business or geographical area of operations, or
3. a business that meets the criteria to be classified as held for
sale on acquisition.
4-19
Reporting Discontinued Operations
Reporting for Components Sold
Income or loss from
operations of the
component from the
beginning of the
reporting period to the
disposal date.
Gain or loss on the
disposal of the
component’s assets.
Reporting for Components Held For Sale
Income or loss from
operations of the
component from the
beginning of the
reporting period to the
end of the reporting
period.
An “impairment loss”
if the carrying value of
the assets of the
component is more
than the fair value
minus cost to sell.
BE 7, 8 and 9
Ex 5, 6, 7, and 8
4-21
Earnings Per Share Disclosure
One of the most widely used ratios is earnings per
share (EPS), which shows the amount of income
earned by a company expressed on a per share basis.
Basic EPS
Net income less preferred dividends
Weighted-average number of
common shares outstanding for the
period
Diluted EPS
Reflects the potential dilution that could
occur for companies that have certain
securities outstanding that are convertible
into common shares or stock options that
could create additional common shares if
the options were exercised.
4-22
Earnings Per Share Disclosure
Report EPS data separately for:
1. Income or Loss from Continuing
Operations
2. Separately Reported Items
a) discontinued operations
b) extraordinary Items
3. Net Income or Loss
4-23
Comprehensive Income
An expanded
version of income
that includes four
types of gains and
losses that
traditionally have
not been included
in income
statements.
4-24
Other Comprehensive Income (OCI)
Comprehensive income includes traditional net income
as well as four additional gains and losses that change
shareholders’ equity.
1. Changes in the market value of certain investments (described in chapter 12).
2. Gains and losses due to revising assumptions or market returns differing from
expectations and prior service cost from amending the plan (described in
chapter 17).
3. When a derivative designated as a cash flow hedge is adjusted to fair value,
the gain or loss is deferred as a component of comprehensive income and
included in earnings later, at the same time as earnings are affected by the
hedged transaction (described in the Derivatives Appendix to the text).
4. Gains or losses from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The amount
could be an addition to or reduction in shareholders’ equity. (This item is
discussed elsewhere in your accounting curriculum).
4-25
Other Comprehensive Income
Net income
Other comprehensive income:
Net unrealized holding gains (losses) on investments (net of tax)*
Gains (losses) from and amendments to postretirement benefit plans (net of
tax)†
Deferred gains (losses) from derivatives (net of tax)‡
Gains (losses) from foreign currency translation (net of tax)§
Comprehensive income
($ in millions)
$xxx
$x
(x)
(x)
x
xx
$xxx
*Changes in the market value of certain investments (described in Chapter 12).
†
Gains and losses due to revising assumptions or market returns differing from expectations and prior service
cost from amending the plan (described in Chapter 17).
‡
When a derivative designated as a cash flow hedge is adjusted to fair value, the gain or loss is deferred as a
component of comprehensive income and included in earnings later, at the same time as earnings are affected
by the hedged transaction (described in the Derivatives Appendix to the text).
§
Gains or losses from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The amount could be an addition to or
reduction in shareholders’ equity. (This item is discussed elsewhere in your accounting curriculum.)
4-26
U. S. GAAP vs. IFRS
Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS allow companies to report
comprehensive income in either a single statement of
comprehensive income or in two separate statements. Other
comprehensive income items are similar under the two sets
of standards.

Includes four possible Other
Comprehensive Income items.

Includes same four.

Includes a fifth possible item,
changes in revaluation surplus,
from the optional revaluation of
property, plant, and equipment and
intangible assets.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive
Income
In addition to reporting comprehensive income that
occurs in the current period, we must also report these
amounts on a cumulative basis in the balance sheet as
an additional component of shareholders’ equity.
ASTRO-MED INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets (in part)
Years ended January 31
($ in thousands)
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock
Additional paid-in capital
Retained earnings
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Treasury stock
Total shareholders’ equity
2011
2010
433
36,586
26,843
266
(9,840)
$54,288
416
34,713
26,817
317
(8,030)
$54,233
4-27