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COMPLETE AP VERGIL VOCABULARY a, ab Abas abdo abeo abies abluo abnuo abripio abrumpo abscessus abscondo absens absisto abstineo abstrudo absum ac Acamas accedo accendo accingo accipio accumbo accumulo acer acervus Acestes Achates Acheron Achilles Achivus acies acutus ad addenseo addo adeo adeo adfligo adflo adfluo adfor adgredior adhuc adicio adigo adimo aditus adiuro adiuvo adlabor adloquor from, away from, by 1. an Argive King 2. a friend of Aeneas put away, hide, shut up go away, depart, withdraw, deviate spruce, fir wash off, purify; cleanse refuse, decline, reject snatch away, snatch, seize break off, destroy, violate departure, absence put away, conceal, hide absent, distant, left behind withdraw, depart from; cease; hold back, refrain thrust away; hide be absent or away from; be wanting same as atque – and, and also one of the Greeks at Troy come or draw near, go to, approach set on fire; inflame; arouse; inspire gird, equip, make ready receive, accept, admit, welcome recline at, take one’s place at the table heap up, honor sharp, keen, fierce, violent pointed pile, heap king of Sicily Aeneas’s constant companion river of the underworld greatest of the Greek heroes at Troy Greek, pl. Greeks sharp edge, battle line, keen vision sharpened, sharp, pointed, jagged to, toward, near, at, by thicken, pack densely give in addition, put to, add, lend to that degree, so adire – go to, approach, reach visit, encounter, meet shatter, cast down breath upon, inspire flow to, come to address, speak to approach, go to hitherto, till now, as yet throw at, add drive to, drive, hurl, force take to oneself, take away, snatch away approach, audience, entrance call to witness, swear by aid, assist, help glide to address, speak to 2 admiror admoneo admoveo adnitor adnuo adoro adquiro adservo adsiduus adsisto adspecto adspicio adsto adsum adsurgo adultus advena advenio adversor adversus adverto advolo advolvo adytum Aeacides aedes aedifico aeger aemulus Aeneadae Aeneas Aeneius aenum aenus Aeolia Aeolides Aeolus aequaevus aequo aequor aequus aer aeratus aereus aerius aes aestas aestus aetas aeternus aether aetherius aevum wonder at, be surprised at warn admonish, remind move or bring to, offer strive, lean on nod assent, promise pray to, worship, adore acquire, gain guard, watch constant, unceasing stand by, attend; make a stand look at, look towards, overlook look at, observe, inspect stand near; be at hand, look on; stand up be present, be at hand, near rise up, stand up, rise adult, full grown stranger, foreigner come to, come oppose, resist turned toward, opposing, facing, adverse turn toward, give heed, note, notice fly to, fly towards roll to or toward sanctuary, shrine, tomb descendant of Aeacus, i.e. Achilles hearth; pl. apartments; house, dwelling build, construct sick, diseased, weary, weak rivaling, competing followers of Aeneas hero of the Aeneid of Aeneas kettle, cauldron of bronze, brazen an island near Sicily, abode of Aeolus son or descendant of Aeolus god of the winds of the same or equal age make equal, adjust, equal, match, do justice to the sea, surface of the sea, a level surface even, level, just, fair air, breeze, mist, cloud made of or covered with bronze; brazen made of or plated with bronze; brazen airy, high, lofty, towering copper, bronze summer, summer air heat, flame; tide, sea, flood age; old age; years, time everlasting, eternal upper air, ether; air; sky, heaven of the ether, of heaven age, time; old age 3 Africa Africus Agathyrsi Agenor ager agger aggero agitator agito agmen agnosco ago Aiax ait ala alatus Alba Albanus Alcides ales Aletes alienus aliqui aliquis aliter alius alligo almus alo Alpinus altaria alter alterno alternus altus alumnus alvus amarus Amazonis ambages ambio ambo ambrosius amens amicio amictus amicus amitto amnis amo amor amplector amplus Northern Africa the southwest wind people of Scythia a king of Phoenicia and ancestor of Dido field, land heap, mound; elevation; dike; rampart heap up, increase driver, charioteer drive with violence; chase, torment, harass army (on the march), column, train, formation, rank, line recognize drive, do, pursue, conduct imp – Come! one of two Greek heroes 1. son of Telamon 2. son of Oileus says, asserts wing, pinion winged Alba Longa, an ancient city of Latium of Alba, Alban descendant of Alcaeus, i.e. Hercules winged, as noun-winged creature, bird a friend of Aeneas another’s, foreign some, any someone, anyone otherwise another, other, else bind, tie, fasten, imprison nourishing, fostering, propitious, kindly nourish, feed, encourage, strengthen, rear of the Alps, Alpine altar one of the two, the other do by turns; waver, hesitate one after the other; in turn high, lofty; deep, profound; as noun altum – the sea, heaven nursling, foster-child, child, son belly, body bitter, unpleasant, unwelcome an Amazon turning, winding; riddle, mystery; details go around, surround, encircle, approach both; tow ambrosial, diving; immortal; lovely senseless; frantic, distracted; amazed throw around; wrap, envelop cloak, mantle, robe; veil friendly; as noun - friend lose, send away; let go river, stream; torrent love, cherish, like love, affection, fondness; as person - Cupid enfold, embrace, wind about grand, roomy, spacious; splendid, glorious 4 Amycus an Anchises Anchisiades ancora Androgeos anguis angustus anhelus anima animus Anna annalis annosus annus ante antefero Antenor Antheus antiquus antrum aper aperio apex apis Apollo appareo appello apto aqua Aquilo aquosus ara arbor arboreus arbos Arcades Arcadius arcanus arceo arcesso Arctos arcus ardens ardeo arduus argentum Argivus Argolicus Argos arguo aridus aries king of the Bebrycians or friend of Aeneas or Aeneas’s father descendant of Anchises anchor son of Minos, king of Crete; or Greek hero slain at Troy serpent, snake narrow, as noun – narrow place panting, heaving breath, breath of life; life, existence; shade, soul spirit soul, spirit, heart, courage, daring, feeling Dido’s sister annual, yearly aged, old year before, in front of, previously put before, carry before Trojan leader, founder of Patavium friend of Aeneas of olden times, ancient, aged, former cave, cavern, grotto wild boar open, uncover, disclose, reveal tip, point, summit bee god of music and prophecy appear, be disclosed, be seen drive to, bring to fit, adjust, equip water the north wind, wind watery, rainy, rain-bearing altar tree, trunk, shoot treelike, branching see arbor Arcadians of Arcadia secret, hidden bind, confine, keep off, debar cause to come, call, summon the North bow, rainbow, curve, bend burning, blazing, fiery, flashy be on fire, burn, blaze steep, high, lofty, towering silver; silver plate Greek, Argive of Argos, Greek Greek prove, reveal, betray dry, parched ram, battering ram 5 arma armatus armentum armiger armo armus aro arrigo ars artifex artus arvum arx Ascanius ascendo Asia aspecto aspectus asper aspicio asporto Assaracus ast astrum asylum at ater Atlas atque Atrides atrium attollo attonitus attono auctor audens audeo audio aufero augur augurium aula Aulis aura aureus auricomus auriga auris Aurora aurum Ausonius auspex auspicium arms, weapons; tools, equipment armed, equipped cattle for plowing; herd, drove armor-bearer equip, arm shoulder; flank plow, till; inhabit direct to, raise, uplift skill, dexterity; art; practice artist, artisan, contriver joint, limb, frame, body plowed land, cultivated field, field citadel, fortress, stronghold; hill, peak Aeneas’s son climb, mount, ascend Asia Minor look at, gaze at; face sight, view, appearance rough; thorny, jagged; harsh look at, look upon, behold; regard carry away; carry off former king of Troy, Anchises’ grandfather but; yet, at least star; pl. heaven place of refuge; sanctuary but; yet, at least black, dark, sable, dusky; gloomy mt. in N. Africa; personified as giant and, and also; but, than descendant of Atreus, especially Agamemnon or Menelaus court, hall, atrium, room lift up, raise up; rear thunderstruck; awed, amazed, dazed thunder at, stun; strike with awe father, progenitor, producer daring, bold, courageous dare, venture, risk hear, listen to take away, carry off, withdraw, remove seer, soothsayer, diviner, augur the observance of omens, augury court, yard, inner court town on the coast of Boetia air, breeze, wind, blast golden, of gold golden-haired, with golden foliage charioteer, driver ear morning, dawn, personified as goddess of morning gold Ausonian, Italian an interpreter of omens given by birds, diviner, augur divination by the flight of birds, augury from birds 6 auster aut autem Automedon auxilium avarus aveho avello Avernus averto avidus avis avius avus axis bacchor Bacchus balteus barba barbaricus Barcaei beatus bellatrix bello bellum bene benignus bibo bidens biformis bigae biiugus bini bipennis biremis bis bonus Boreas bracchium brattea brevis bruma brumalis bulla Byrsa cado cadus caecus caedes caedo caelestis caelo caelum the south wind or; aut…aut= either…or however, on the other hand Greek charioteer of Achilles help, aid, assistance greedy, covetous carry away, take away tear away, pluck, snatch away a lake near Cumae (entrance to the underworld) turn away, avert, remove eager, greedy, desirous bird out of the way, remote, trackless grandfather axle, heaven, open sky celebrate the festival of Bacchus god of wine, son of Jupiter and Semele belt, sword-belt beard foreign, strange, barbaric inhabitants of Barce, a town in Libya happy, blessed, fortunate female warrior wage war, war war well, agreeably kind, good, friendly, pleasing drink a sheep, (literally-having two teeth) of double form, two-shaped a team of two horses, a two-horse chariot two yoked together two by two, two each a two-edged axe, double axe, battle-axe a ship with two banks of oars twice, double good the north wind, the North arm; the fore-arm thin plate of leaf or metal; metal short, brief winter wintry knob, stud, bubble, citadel of Carthage fall, fall down, descend jar, urn blind killing, slaughter, carnage cut, cut down, strike, kill of heaven, from heaven, as noun – the heavenly bodies engrave, carve sky, heaven, the heavens 7 Caesar Caicus Caieta calcar caleo calidus callis calor campus candeo canis cano canorus cantus canus capesso capio capra captivus capulus caput Capys carbasus carcer cardo careo carina carmen carpo carus Cassandra castigo castra casus caterva Caucasus causa cautes caverna cavo cavus Cecropidae cedo celebro celer celero cella celo celsus centum Cerealis Ceres cerno Augustus or Julius friend of Aeneas town on the coast of Latium spur glow, be hot, be warm warm, hot a path, mountain-path heat, warmth, glow field, plan, level place shine, glitter, glisten dog sing, sound, play melodious, harmonious song, singing white, hoary seize eagerly, snatch at, lay hold of seize, grasp, capture she-goat prisoner, captive hilt head, the summit, person friend of Aeneas or king of Alba canvas, sail prison, jail hinge lack, be free from keel; ship song, poem, verse pluck, pick, tear away dear, precious, valued daughter of Priam and priestess of Apollo correct, chastise, blame, chide military camp fall, falling-down, ruin, failure crowd, troop, throng chain of mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas cause, reason, motive crag, pointed rock cave, cavern, grotto hollow out, excavate hollow, excavated Athenians (descendants of Cecrops, founder of Athens) go from, remove, withdraw, abandon frequent, crowd, throng, practice, celebrate quick, swift, speedy quicken, hasten, accelerate store-room, cell, sanctuary hide, conceal from, elude, cover lofty, elevated, towering 100 sacred to Ceres daughter of Saturn, goddess of agriculture separate, distinguish, discern, perceive 8 certamen certo certus cerva cervix cervus cesso ceteri ceu Chalcidicus chlamys chorus cieo cingo cingulum cinis circa circum circumdo circumspicio circumsto circumvenio circumvolo Cithaeron cithara cito citus civis clam clamo clamor clarus classis claudo claustrum clipeus Cloanthus Clonus Cocytus coeo coepi coetus Coeus cognomen cognosco cogo colligo collis collum colo colonus color coluber contest, struggle, strife fight, contend, struggle determined, resolved, fixed, certain hind, deer (female) neck, nape stag, deer (male) delay, loiter, do nothing the others, the rest as, like, just as of Chalcis, of Cumae mantle, military cloak troop of dancers, chorus cause to go, move; rouse, stir, call equip, gird oneself; surround, encircle belt, girdle ashes around, round about, near around, all around surround, place around, encompass look about, observe stand around, surround encircle, be around fly around mountain sacred to Bacchus lute, cithara quickly quick, swift, rapid citizen secretly, covertly shout, call, cry out shout clear, bright, famous fleet, division shut, close, enclose bar, bolt, barrier round shield friend of Aeneas Clonus, a craftsman river of the underworld come together, meet, assemble begin, commence assemblage, crowd, company one of the Titans surname, second-name, family-name ascertain, understand, learn, know collect, compel, force, urge gather, collect; assemble hill neck till, care for, cultivate; honor, love farmer, settler color, hue, tint snake, serpent 9 columba columna coma comes comitatus comitor commendo comminus commisceo committo commoveo communis como compages compello complector compleo compono comprendo concedo concha concido concilio concio conclamo concludo concresco concurro concursus concutio condensus condo confido confio confundo congero congressus conicio coniugium coniungo coniunx conlabor conor conscendo conscius consido consilium consisto conspectus conspicio consterno constituo consulo dove, pigeon pillar, column, post hair; foliage friend, companion, comrade escort, crowd, retinue accompany, attend, follow commit, entrust; command hand to hand, in close contest, near mix, mingle together, unite join, commit, fight, entrust, practice shake, stir, trouble; displace, carry away common, general, universal comb, arrange, braid joint, structure accost, address; reproach, rebuke clasp, embrace, grasp fill, fill up, cram collect, lay; put to rest, quiet take hold of, seize, grasp withdraw; grant; permit shell fall, collapse bring together, unite move violently, shake shout, acclaim; call loudly close, shut up; restrain, limit, restrict grow together, harden; take form, grow assemble, gather, battle, fight throng, mob, tumult, concourse shake, agitate, shock dense, close, thick, crowded found, establish, build trust, confide, rely on be arranged, be accomplished mingle, mix, blend; pour out bring together, collect; construct, accumulate meeting, assembly, conference throw, hurl, thrust; conclude, infer marriage, union join, unite, gather spouse, husband, wife fall in ruins, crumble, sink try, attempt, begin climb, ascend, mount witnessing, privy, knowing, conscious settle, sit down, sink down council, plan, stratagem stand still, halt, stop, make a stand sight, view, presence perceive, observe, look at strew, pave, cover decide, establish, determine reflect, deliberate, consider, resolve 10 consultum consumo consurgo contendo conticesco contiguus contingo continuo contorqueo contra contraho contrarius contundo conubium convallis convecto convello convenio converto convexum convivium convolvo coorior copia cor coram corneus cornu corona corpus corripio corrumpo corruo corusco coruscus costa cothurnus crastinus crater creber credo crepito crepitus cresco Cresius Cretes Creusa crinis crispo cristatus croceus crudelis cruentus decree, decision; deliberation use up, eat, devour rise, stand up, arise strain, hasten, press on; fight fall silent, become still bordering, neighboring, adjoining happen; touch, take hold of, seize, touch, concern immediately, without delay turn, twist, twirl against, opposite, facing collect, assemble, accomplish opposite, contrary, opposed beat, crush, pound marriage valley, ravine carry together, heap together tear away, pull off, wrest, rend gather, assemble turn round reverse; change, alter hollow, cavity, recess feast, banquet roll together, roll around, fasten together stand up, arise, appear plenty, supply, pl. troops heart in the presence of, openly of horn horn, antler; trumpet garland body seize, snatch, grasp; attack destroy, ruin, lay waste; corrupt fall down, tumble, sink vibrate, tremble, shake, brandish flashing, gleaming, glittering rib hunting boot, buskin tomorrow’s mixing bowl frequent, thick, close believe, trust, confide in rattle, creak, rustle rattling, creaking grow, increase, rise Cretan Cretans, people of Crete Aeneas’s wife hair swing, brandish crested, tufted, plumed yellow, golden, saffron-colored cruel, unfeeling, hard spotted with blood, bloody, stained 11 cruor cubile cubitum culmen culpa cum Cumae Cumaeus cumulo cumulus cunctor cunctus cuneus cupido cupio cur cura curo curro currus cursus curvus cuspis custos Cyclopius cycnus Cyllenius Cymothoe Cynthus Cythereus Daedalus damno Danaus daps Dardanides Dardanius Dardanus Daunus de dea debello debeo decedo decerpo decet decipio declino decurro decus deduco defendo defensor defero blood, bloodshed, gore couch, bed, marriage-bed elbow top summit, roof, gable fault, error, blame, guilt, failure prep. with, conjunction when, since, although town on the coast of Campania of Cumae heap, accumulate, pile, overload heap, pile, mass, surplus delay, linger, hesitate all, entire, all together a wedge desire, wish longing; as a person-Venus’s son long for, desire, wish why? anxiety, distress, care, concern care for, take pains with, attend to run, hasten chariot, car, wagon running course, a run, journey crooked, curved, bent point, spear, javelin, lance guard, overseer, protector of the Cyclops swan Mercury; mountain in Arcadia, his birthplace a sea nymph mountain in Delos, the birthplace of Diana and Apollo of Cythera (island in the Aegean near Venus’s birthplace) famous artisan, father of Icarus condemn, convict, blame of Danaus (famous Greek king) pl. the Greeks feast, banquet descendants of Dardanus, i.e. Trojans Trojan, of Dardanus of Dardanus, Trojan early king of Apulia from, away from, down from; concerning, according to goddess subdue, quell, vanquish owe, be in debt; ought go away, withdraw, depart pluck off, tear away, break it is fitting, it is proper catch, ensnare, entrap; deceive bend aside, tear away; deflect run down, hasten grace, glory, honor lead away, escort, turn aside, drive off defend, protect protector, defender bear, carry; report 12 defessus deficio defigo defluo deformo defungor degener dehinc dehisco deicio deinde Deiopea Deiphobus deligo Delius Delos delubrum demens demitto demo demum deni denique dens densus depascor deprecor deripio desaevio descendo descensus describo desero deserta desertus desilio desino desisto despecto despicio destruo desuetus desum desuper detineo detorqueo detrudo deus devenio devolo dexter Diana dicio tired, weary, exhausted revolt, desert; fail fasten, fix, plant glide down, fall, descend disfigure, spoil, mar discharge, perform, finish degenerate, unworthy henceforth, hereafter, next, then part, divide, split open throw down, cut down, destroy then, next, thence a nymph son of Priam choose, select, designate of Delos; of Apollo island in the Aegean, birthplace of Apollo temple, shrine, sanctuary insane, demented, mad, raving, foolish let down, drop, let fall, shed take away, take off, subtract at length, at last, finally ten each, ten at a time and thereafter, at last, at length, finally tooth thick, close, dense, compact to eat up, feed on avert by prayer, deprecate, seek to avoid tear off, tear away, pull down rage, rave furiously go down, climb down, descend way down, descent transcribe, write down; describe leave, forsake, abandon, desert waste lands, wilderness deserted, solitary, lonely jump down, leap down, dismount stop, desist, cease cease, desist from despise, look down on despise, look down on, disparage tear down, raze, demolish disused, unfamiliar, obsolete be away, be absent, fail, be missing from above, from overhead hold back, hold off, keep back, detain, check bend aside, turn off, twist thrust away, push down, dislodge, dispossess god, deity come, arrive, reach fly down right, to the right; skillful sister of Apollo; goddess of the moon and hunt dominion, sovereignty, sway, authority control 13 dico dico Dictaeus dictum Dido dies difficilis diffugio diffundo dignor dignus digredior dilabor diligo dimoveo dirigo diripio dirus Dis discerno discessus discolor discrepo discrimen disicio disiungo dispello dissimulo dissulto distendo diu diva divello diversus dives divido divinus divus do doceo doleo Dolopes dolor dolus dominor dominus domo domus donec donum Doricus dorsum dotalis dicere - say, speak, sing, describe, name dicare - dedicate, consecrate, devote of Dicte, a mountain in Crete assertion, remark, saying queen of Carthage day difficult, hard, troublesome fly apart, disperse, scatter pour out, pour forth; spread deem worthy, honor, deign worthy, deserving, suitable, fitting, proper go apart, separate, part, go away, depart go to pieces, melt away, dissolve, scatter, disperse value, esteem, prize, love; approve part, separate, divide direct tear apart, ravage, spoil, plunder, pillage ominous, fearful, awful, dreadful, horrible Pluto, god of the underworld separate, divide; distinguish, discern departure, farewell, removal of another color, not of the same color; of different colors differ in sound, be different, vary interval, distance, distinction, difference; decisive moment, crisis drive asunder, scatter, route; ruin, destroy sever, divide, separate, estrange scatter, disperse disguise; dissemble, hide, conceal, pretend fly in pieces, break apart swell, stretch out, extend for a long time, all day, continually goddess tear apart, separate violently, tear, wrest contrary, opposite, diverse, different rich, wealthy, opulent divide, force asunder, part, distribute divine of a deity, godlike, divine give, appoint; grant, bestow; emit, utter teach, instruct, inform grieve, suffer, be in pain, lament a people of Thessaly pain, suffering, anguish, distress, grief, trouble trickery, artifice; guile, deceit, deception have dominion, domineer, rule lord, master, ruler, owner domesticate, tame, break, subdue, conquer house, home, dwelling, building while, as long as; until, at length gift, present Doric; Grecian back; cliff of a dowry, dotal 14 draco Dryopes dubius duco ductor dulcis dum duo duplex duplicatus duro durus dux e, ex eburnus ecce edax edo educo effero efferus efficio effingo effodio effor effugio effundo egenus egeo ego egredior egregius ei eicio elabor elephantus Elissa emico eminus emitto emo emoveo en Enceladus enim eniteo eno ensis enumero eo Eous Epeos epulae serpent, large serpent, dragon people in Epirus doubtful, uncertain, wavering lead, lead away, guide, conduct, prolong; choose leader, commander, general sweet, agreeable, delightful, agreeable while; with subjunctive=until two twofold, double doubled harden, solidify; wait, persevere, hold out hard, harsh, vigorous; pitiless, unyielding leader, guide, general out of, from; of; since; according to of ivory behold! look! greedy, voracious, devouring eat, consume draw out, take away; bring up, rear carry out, take away; bear, produce very wild, fierce, savage bring about, effect, cause, produce wipe clean; form, fashion, mould dig out, mine, excavate utter, tell, speak out get away, escape; flee from pour out, pour forth; abandon needy, necessitous, destitute be needy, want, lack, have need I to out, come forth, go away; disembark, land distinguished, excellent, eminent oh! alas! eject, expel; banish, drive away slip away, glide off, escape ivory; an elephant another name for Dido spring out, break forth, leap up aloof, at a distance send out; hurl, cast discharge buy, purchase, procure move out, move away, expel lo! behold! see! a giant for, namely, that is to say shine forth, gleam swim out,; fly sword count out; recite, recount, describe go, walk, ride, sail, move of dawn, eastern, oriental one of the Greek fighters at Troy banquet, feast; sumptuous foods 15 epulor eques equidem equus Erebus ergo eripio erro error erubesco eruo et etiam Etrusci Euboicus Europa Eurotas Eurus Eurytides evado Evander evanesco eveho evenio eventus everto evinco evoco ex exanimus exaudio excedo excidium excido excido excio excipio exclamo excubiae excudo excutio exeo exerceo exhalo exhaurio exigo exiguus eximo exin exitialis exitium exitus exordium dine, feast, banquet horseman, rider indeed, truly horse god of darkness; the underworld therefore, consequently, accordingly tear out, wrest, pluck tear; rescue deliver, free wander, stray, roam; be in error wandering, winding, meandering, maze grow red, blush, feel ashamed throw out, take; destroy completely and, also also, too, even; still the Etruscans of Euboea (an island in the western Aegean) Europe a river in Laconia southeast or east wind son of Eurytus get away, escape; disembark leader of the Arcadians; Pallas’s father vanish, pass away, disappear carry out, proceed, advance come out; happen, result outcome, result end, consequence overturn, turn upside down; overthrow, destroy overcome, conquer, subdue call out out of, from lifeless, dead hear clearly, distinguish leave, depart, go out overthrow, demolition, ruin, destruction excidere, excididi - cut out, hew out excidere, excidi – fall out, slip out call out, summon, rouse, awaken take out, withdraw; take up, catch, receive call out, cry aloud, exclaim watching, keeping watch, watchmen strike out, hammer out; prepare, make shake out, shake off; discard, remove go out, depart, withdraw; escape employ, busy; occupy breath out, exhale exhaust, empty; take away drive out expel; determine, ascertain small, little, scanty take away, remove; free, release, deliver then, after that, next destructive, fatal, deadly destruction, ruin departure; death; conclusion beginning; introduction 16 exorior exosus expedio expendo experior expiro expleo exploro exposco expromo exquiro exsanguis exscindo exsequor exsertus exsilium exsolvo exspecto exstinguo exstruo exsulto exsupero exta extemplo extendo externus exterritus exterus extremus exuo exuviae fabricator fabrico facesso facies facilis facio factum fallo falsus fama Fama fames famula far fas fastigium fatalis fateor fatigo fatisco fatum faux come out, rise, appear; begin hating, detesting extricate; explain, make clear; arrange weigh out, weigh; reckon, account; estimate, consider try, prove, test, endure; know by experience breathe out fill up, fill, stuff; pass over, go through; satisfy, appease search out, investigate, explore beg, request, entreat, implore express, state; exhibit, show, display seek out; implore bloodless, lifeless; pale, wan extirpate, annihilate, destroy follow; fulfill; relate, describe bare, uncovered; projecting exile, banishment deliver, free, set free, liberate look out for, await, expect put out, quench, extinguish; abolish, destroy annihilate pile, heap up; build up leap up, jump up; boast, indulge mount up, tower; pass over; excel guts, internal organs immediately, without delay spread, extend; lengthen; continue external; foreign, strange terrified, dismayed; made wild outside, outer outermost, utmost, farthest; remotest; tip take off, pull off; put away, lay aside spoils; relics; skin builder, contriver build, make, construct, erect perform, execute, accomplish appearance, form, shape easy make, do, produce, build deed, act, achievement trip, fall;err, mistake, deceive oneself deceptive, false, spurious, delusive report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition personification of above hunger female slave, maid-servant type of grain; sacrificial meal divine law; with est=it is lawful, it is permitted top, summit; roof, battlement fatal, decreed, ordained, destined confess, grant, acknowledge tire, weary, fatigue, vex, harass fall apart, tumble to peaces prediction; fate throat; entrance 17 fax felix femina femineus femur fenestra fera ferina ferio fero ferox ferrum ferus ferveo fervidus fessus festino festus fetus fetus fibula fictus fides fiducia fidus figo filius filum fingo finis fio firmus fissilis flamen flamma flammo flatus flavus flecto fleo fletus floreo floreus flos fluctus fluentum flumen fluo fodio foedo foedus foedus folium torch, flame happy, fortunate; auspicious woman, female womanly, feminine thigh window, opening wild beast, wild animal venison, game; wild animal flesh strike, beat; kill bring, carry, bear, wear; report; offer wild, bold, warlike iron; iron tool; sword wild, untamed, uncultivated glow, steam; burn, rage, rave glowing, fiery, hot, vehement tired, fatigued, weary hurry, hasten festive, joyful, merry filled with, pregnant fetus, m. young, offspring; fruit, growth clasp, buckle, fastening, brooch feigned, fictitious, false faith, loyalty, belief, reliance; trustworthiness trust, confidence loyal, faithful, credible fix, fasten; pierce son thread, string arrange, touch; suppose, think, conceive end, boundary, limit; pl. territory passive of facio – become, be made strong, steadfast, enduring cleft, easily split, fissile priest; also wind, gale flame, blaze; flame of passion; kindle, inflame, blaze, burn blowing, breath, snorting golden, yellow, reddish yellow, flaxen-colored turn, bend, bow; avert; avoid weep, cry, lament, wail weeping, wailing, lamenting bloom, blossom, flower; flourish flowery flower, blossom wave, tide, billow, surge stream, flood stream, river flow, pour, throng dig, dig up; stab make foul, defile, pollute foederis, n. alliance, compact; marriage contract foul, filthy, repulsive; disgraceful leaf 18 fomes fons for foris forma formica fors forsan forsitan fortis fortuna fortunatus foveo fragor fragrans frango frater fraternus fraudo fraus fraxineus fremo freno frenum frequens fretus frigidus frigus frondens frondesco frondeus frons frons frumentum frustra frustum frux fucus fuga fugio fugo fulcio fulgeo fulmen fulvus fundamentum fundo fundo fungor funis funus furiae furibundus kindling-wood, tinder fountain, spring, source speak, say; prophesy door, entrance form, shape; beauty ant chance, luck, fortune perhaps perhaps, it may be that brave, strong, courageous fortune, chance, luck lucky, happy, fortunate cherish, fondle, caress crashing, crash, noise; thunderclap fragrant, sweet-smelling break, shatter, fracture; crush, dishearten brother brotherly, fraternal cheat, defraud, rob cheating, deceit, fraud ashen, of ash wood roar, resound, howl; applaud; grumble because of curb, bridle, restrain, check bridle, curb, bit; restraint regular, constant, repeated; with a throng leaning, supported, relying cold, cool, chilling coldness, cold, chilliness; cold shudder in leaf, becoming green, leafy put forth leaves; shoot covered with leaves, leafy frontis, f., front, facade; forehead; expression frondis, f., leafy branch, foliage, bough grain, harvested grain in vain, for nothing piece, bit fruit, produce drone flight, rapid motion flee, run away, escape cause to flee, put to flight prop up, support flash, glitter, gleam, shine lightning flash; thunderbolt deep yellow, reddish yellow, tawny foundation fundere – pour, pour out, shed; spread fundare – found, begin; fix, confirm be engaged, perform, discharge rope, cord funeral procession, funeral rites, burial; death, murder the three goddesses of vengeance, the furies raging, mad furious 19 furo furor furtim furtivus furtum Gaetulus galea Gallus Ganymes Garamantis gaudeo gaudium gaza gelidus geminus gemitus gemo gena genetrix genitor gens genu genus germana germanus gero gesto gigno glacies Glaucus glomero gloria Gnosius gradior gradus Graius gramen grandaevus grandis grando grates gratus gravidus gravis gremium gressus grex Gryneus gurges gusto Gyas habena habeo rage, rave, be out of one’s mind raving, rage, madness, fury, passion stealthily, secretly, furtively stolen, secret, hidden, concealed, furtive theft, robbery; secret action, crafty deceit of the Gaetuli, a N. African tribe helmet of Gaul, Gallic Ganymede, Trojan prince, made Jupiter’s cupbearer of the Garamantes, a N. African tribe rejoice, be glad joy, delight treasure icy cold, icy, frosty twin groan, sighing, complaint groan, sigh, lament; bewail cheek mother father race, clan; descendant, offspring knee race, stock, family; birth, noble birth; descendant sister brother bear, carry, wage bear, carry, wear, wield give birth to, produce, bear, bring forth ice Lycian ally of the Trojans collect; gather glory, fame, honor, praise of Gnosus, a city in Crete step, walk to, advance step, pace, gait, walk; pl. steps Greek grass; plant, herb aged, old full-grown, grown up, old hail, hailstorm thanks, thanksgiving dear, acceptable, pleasing, agreeable filled, full, swollen heavy, weighty, burdened lap, bosom step, course, way flock, herd, drove, swarm of Grynia, site of a temple of Apollo whirlpool, gulf taste, enjoy friend of Aeneas rein have, hold, support, carry; consider, regard 20 habilis habitus hactenus haereo Halaesus halitus halo Hammon harena harenosus Harpalyce harundo hasta hastile haud haurio Hebrus Hecate Hector Hectoreus Hecuba herba heres heros Hesperia Hesperius heu heus hibernus hic hic, haec, hoc hiems hinc homo honor honos hora horrendus horrens horreo horresco horridus horror hortor hospes hospitium hospitus hostia hostilis hostis huc humilis humo manageable, suitable, fit, proper appearance, presence; dress, attire thus far, to this place, so far; till now cling, stick, be fastened; linger, pause Halaesus, (Italian warrior, enemy of the Trojans) breath, exhalation breathe, emit vapor, be fragrant Libyan god identified with Jupiter sand; shore, beach sandy, full of sand Thracian princess, famous huntress and warrior reed; arrow spear, lance, javelin spear-shaft, javelin-shaft not, not at all, by no means drain, shed; pluck out, swallow, devour, consume a river in Thrace goddess of the underworld Troy’s champion, son of Hector of Hector Priam’s wife grass, turf heir, successor hero, demigod Western Land, Italy western, Hesperian; Italian alas ! hey! ho! wintry, of winter adv. here this, the latter winter, winter time from this place, hence; on either side person, human being, man honor, repute, esteem, distinction same as honor hour dreadful, terrible, fearful bristly, shaggy, rough stand on end, bristle; tremble, dread rise on end, stand erect; shudder, tremble terrible, wild, savage shaking, trembling, shudder; dread, terror, horror urge, press, incite, encourage, exhort host, guest, visitor, friend hospitality, friendship hospitable; strange, foreign victim, sacrifice, sacrificial animal enemy’s, hostile enemy, foe, stranger to this place, hither; to this point, so far lowly, humble, needy, poor bury, inter 21 humus hymenaeus Hyrcanus iaceo iacio iacto iaculor iam iamdudum ianua Iarbas iaspis ibi ibidem Icarus ico ictus Ida idem ideo ignarus ignavus igneus ignis ignobilis ignotus ilex Ilia Iliacus Ilias ilicet Ilioneus Ilium Ilius ille illic illinc illuc Illyricus Ilus imago Imaon imbellis imber immanis immemor immensus immergo immineo immitis immitto immolo immotus earth, ground, soil wedding, marriage ceremony people near the Caspian Sea lie, be prostrate, lie at rest throw, hurl, scatter throw out; consider, discuss; pronounce, utter, speak throw, hurl now, at this time, already; with a neg., longer, more long since, long before, for some time now door, entrance king of the Gaetuli jasper (green precious stone) there, in that place; thereupon in the same place Daedalus’ son (flew too high) strike, hit, stab, sting blow, stab, cut, wound mt. near Troy; also mt. in Crete the same therefore, for that reason ignorant, inexperienced, unaware lazy, slothful, idle, sluggish fiery, on fire, burning-hot fire unknown, undistinguished; of low birth, ignoble unknown, strange, unrecognized; unfamiliar oak, holm-oak another name for Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus of Ilium, Trojan a Trojan woman at once, immediately spokesman for the Trojans Troy of Ilium, Trojan that; he, she, it there, in that place from that place, thence to that place, thither of Illyria, region east of the Adriatic Ascanius’ previous name; also an early king of Troy image; ghost, vision; reminder an Italian friend of Halaestus unwarlike, unfit for war rain; the sea, water huge; monstrous, frightful unmindful, heedless immeasurable, boundless, huge dip, immerse, submerge overhang, command rough, harsh, severe send in, admit; let go, loose sprinkle with sacrificial meal motionless; unmoved, steadfast, firm 22 impar impello imperditus imperium impius implacabilis impleo implico impono imprimo improbus improvidus impune imus in inanis incautus incedo incendo incertus incessus incesto incido incido incipio includo inclutus incognitus incubo incultum incumbo incuso incutio indago inde indebitus indigena Indiges indignor indignus indulgeo induo inermis iners inexpertus inextricabilis infabricatus infandus infectus infelix infensus inferior infernus uneven, unequal; overmatched strike against, strike, push; set in motion not destroyed, not slain command, order; supreme power, sovereignty irreverent, wicked, impious implacable, irreconcilable fill, sate, satisfy entangle, entwine, embrace, grasp place upon, put on press upon, press against; emboss, engrave wicked, shameless, bad off guard; reckless, careless without punishment, with impunity lowest, deepest, last acc. into, to; against; abl. in, on, upon useless, empty, meaningless incautious, inconsiderate, heedless advance, march, proceed set fire to, burn; rouse, incite unsettled, doubtful, uncertain walking, pace, gait; step pollute, defile incidere, incisus – cut into, cut through incidere – fall, sink, strike begin shut up, confine, enclose famous, renowned unknown, untraced lie upon, rest on; brood over, watch jealously over wasteland, wilderness lean press; bend to; oppress accuse, blame strike into, inflict; produce surrounding, encircling from there, thence; thereafter not owed, not due native, indigenous deified hero, patron deity deem unworthy, despise, resent unworthy, undeserving; shameful concede, grant, allow put on assume; clothe, dress; pierce unarmed, defenseless helpless, weak, unarmed without experience, untested inextricable, not to be unraveled unshaped, rough, unwrought unspeakable, abominable not one, unaccomplished unfortunate, unlucky, miserable; barren hostile, inimical lower, further down; inferior lower, under; underground 23 infero infestus infigo inflammo inflecto infrenus infundo ingemino ingemo ingens ingredior inhio inhospitus inhumatus inimicus iniquus iniuria inlabor inlido innecto inno innuptus inopinus inops inquit inreparabilis inrito inrumpo inruo insania insanus inscribo insequor insidiae insignis insinuo insomnium insono inspicio inspiro instar instauro instituo insto instruo insuetus insula insum insuper insuperabilis insurgo intactus intendo bring to, carry in, wage; advance (refl.) made unsafe, disturbed; hostile, dangerous fasten, implant, affix; nail to set on fire, kindle; inflame, excite bend, bow, curb; change, affect, alter unbridled pour in, pour upon; pour out, throw redouble, repeat, reiterate groan over, sigh at, lament, bewail huge, vast, enormous; extraordinary advance, go forward; undertake gape, gaze, gaze at inhospitable unburied hostile, unfriendly, hateful; damaging uneven; unequal; hurtful injustice, wrong; harsh treatment glide in; flow in, penetrate dash against, push against twist, entangle, weave; bind; contrive swim in, float upon; sail, navigate unmarried; a virgin unexpected helpless, weak says, said irreparable, irretrievable incite, excite, provoke break in, burst into rush in, invade madness, folly insane, mad; outrageous, excessive inscribe; mark follow after, come next; proceed, go on snare, trap; artifice distinguished, remarkable, prominent creep in; penetrate, enter dream resound; crack look into, inspect; examine blow upon, inspire; instill image, likeness, in the form of establish, ordain; renew; celebrate; refresh put in place, fix, set; establish stand upon, take a position; press, pursue draw up, array; prepare, equip unaccustomed, unused island be in, be upon above, on top, overhead insurmountable, invincible rise up, pull (with oars) untouched, undefiled stretch out, extend; increase 24 intento intentus inter interea interfor interfundo interimo interior interpres interrumpo intexo intimus intono intorqueo intra intractabilis intro intus inultus inutilis invado invalidus inveho invenio invictus invideo invidia inviso invisus invitus invius involvo Iovis ipse ira Iris is, ea, id iste ita Italia Italus iter iterum iuba iubar iubeo iudicium iugalis iugo iugum Iulius Iulus iungo aim, direct, wield attentive, intent, waiting, eager between, among meanwhile interrupt flow between; pour between take away; destroy, slay, kill inner, interior, middle interpreter, explainer; mediator break off, interrupt, break off weave in, interweave innermost, deepest, intimate thunder; resound, rattle; cry out twist, wind about, wrench within, during unmanageable, intractable go into, enter; penetrate inside, within, closer unavenged useless, inexpedient enter; assault, attack, invade infirm, impotent, weak carry in; ride into; drive over find, meet with; discover unconquered, unsubdued; inexorable look askance at, envy; hinder, prevent envy, grudge, jealousy look after, visit hated, hateful, detested unwilling, reluctant impassable, insuperable; inaccessible roll; cover, overwhelm; wrap, enfold, envelop Jove, Jupiter himself, herself, itself anger, fury, hate goddess of rainbow, also a messenger he, she it that (of yours) – often contemptuous thus, as follows, in that way Italy of Italy, Italian journey, passage, march, route, course again, a second time, once more mane; crest radiance, light, splendor order, tell, command judgment, sentence yoked together; matrimonial; as noun - a team marry, bind yoke, collar; summit, ridge; bonds name of a Roman clan another name for Ascanius join, unite, connect 25 Iuno Iuppiter iuro ius iussus iustus Iuturna iuvenalis iuvencus iuvenis iuventa iuventus iuvo iuxta Karthago labefacio labo labor labor lacrima lacrimo lacus laedo laena laetitia laetus laevus lambo lamentabilis lamentum lampas languidus Laocoon lapis largior largus lassus latebra lateo Latini Latinus Latium Latona latus latus laudo Laurens laurus laus Lausus Lavinia Lavinium Lavinius goddess of marriage; wife of Jupiter Jupiter, king of the gods swear, take an oath; swear right, justice, duty order, command, decree just, righteous; fair sister of Turnus youthful, juvenile young bullock young, youthful; as a noun – young person youth youth; the young, young people help, aid, assist, serve; delight near to, next to; in like manner Carthage, an ancient city in N. Africa shake, loosen totter, waver, shake laboris – labor, toil, exertion; suffering, hardship labi – slip, glide, slide, move; sink, fall tear shed tears, weep opening, lake injure, hurt, wound, damage; insult mantle, shawl, cloak joy, happiness joyous, happy, delighted; pleasant, grateful left; unfavorable lick, touch mournful, lamentable wailing, moaning, weeping, lamentation light, torch, lamp languid, dull, sluggish; faint, feeble Trojan priest of Apollo stone give bountifully, bestow, impart abundant, copious, plentiful; flood faint, weary, tired hiding-place, retreat lie hid, be concealed; keep out of sight, escape notice the people of Latium king of Latium, father of Lavinia district in Italy south of the Tiber mother of Diana and Apollo adj. broad, wide, extensive noun. side, flank praise, honor, extol of Laurentum, a town in Latium a bay tree, laurel tree praise, commendation, glory, fame son of Mezentius (Turnus’ Etruscan ally) daughter of Latinus town in Latium of Lavinium 26 laxo laxus legifer lego Lenaeus lenio lenis lentus leo letalis letum levis levo lex libo libro Liburni Libya Libycus licet lignum ligo lilium limbus limen limes lingua linquo liquidus lito litus lituus loco locus longaevus longe longus loquor lorica lorum lubricus Lucifer luctor luctor luctus lucus ludibrium ludo lumen luna lunatus luo lupa extend; open, loose, release; relieve, free loose, open roomy; yielding law-giving gather, collect, choose, pick; survey of Bacchus, god of wine soften, mollify, soothe; appease, pacify soft, smooth, mild, gentle pliant, flexible; slow, lingering, lazy lion deadly, fatal, mortal death, annihilation light, swift, quick; smooth lift, raise, elevate law, precept, regulation, principle taste, sip; pour out, offer as a libation poise, balance; brandish people of N. Illyria region of N. Africa of Libya it is permitted, it is allowed wood, firewood, timber tie, bind lily border, hem, edge, fringe threshold, door; house, dwelling path, passage, road; boundary, limit tongue, language go away, leave, depart from, abandon fluid, liquid; clear, bright, transparent make an acceptable sacrifice seashore, beach crooked staff; trumpet, cornet place, put, lay; establish place, spot; position aged, ancient far, far off; for a long period long, extended speak, talk, say, tell; declare coat of mail, leather cuirass leather thong; pl. reins slippery, slimy morning star wrestle; struggle, contend wrestle, struggle, strive, contend sorrow, mourning, grief sacred grove plaything, sport play; mock light; pl. eyes moon half-moon shaped, crescent-shaped loose, wash away; atone for, expiate she-wolf 27 lustro lustrum lux luxus Lyaeus Lycia Lycius Lycus Lydius lympha lynx Machaon machina macto macula maculosus madeo Maeonius maereo maeror maestus magalia mage magis magister magistratus magnanimus magnus Maia maiestas malo malus mamma mandatum mando maneo manes manifestus manus Marcellus mare maritus marmor marmoreus Marpesius Mars Massyli mater maternus maturo Maurusius Mavors Mavortius review, observe, examine; illuminate period of five years; wood, forest wilderness light, brightness; pl. heavenly bodies excess, indulgence, luxury; splendor, magnificence Greek name for Bacchus region in SW Asia Minor of Lycia friend of Aeneas of Lydia water, clear water, spring water lynx one of the Greek fighters at Troy machine, engine; device honor, glorify, extol; kill, slaughter; offer, sacrifice spot, mark, stain; blot spotted, speckled be wet, drip, flow of Maeonia, a province of Lydia; Lydian mourn, grieve, lament mourning, sadness, grief sorrowful, dejected, despondent huts more more master; pilot; captain magistrate, public official great, high-minded large, great, huge, mighty; important Mercury’s mother, daughter of Atlas greatness, majesty prefer, rather evil, wicked bad; hostile breast order, command, charge entrust, deliver; order, command remain, stay departed spirit, ghost, shade clear, plain, apparent hand; band troop; handiwork 1. Roman war hero 2. Son of Octavia sea husband, married man marble of marble, marble of Marpesia, a mt. in Paros god of war the Massylians, a people of N. Africa mother; native land maternal hasten, hurry of the Mauri, a people of N. Africa Mars of Mars; warlike 28 meatus meditor medius medulla mel membrum memini Memnon memor memorabilis memoro Menelaus mens mensa mensis mentior mentum mercor Mercurius mereo mereor meritum meritus meta metallum metuo metus meus mico migro miles milia mille minae Minerva ministro Minoius minor Minotaurus minus mirabilis miror mirus misceo Misenus miser miserabilis misereor miseror missilis mitesco mitra mitto motion, movement consider, meditate, contemplate the middle of, middle marrow honey limb, member; pl. bodies remember, recollect king of Ethiopians, son of Tithonus and Aurora mindful, remembering memorable, remarkable mention, recount, speak of, tell king of Sparta, Helen’s husband mind, intellect; memory; feeling; heart table; meal month lie, cheat, deceive, pretend; lie about chin trade, purchase, buy messenger of the gods; son of Jupiter and Maia deserve, merit, be entitled to deserve, merit, be entitled to merit, service, kindness, benefit deserving, proper end, boundary, limit; goal, turning post metal fear, be afraid fear, dread, apprehension my, mine gleam, glitter, flash; shake tremble depart, remove, migrate, go away soldier thousands one thousand threats; pinnacles Roman name for Athena, goddess of household crafts attend, serve; provide, furnish of Minos (king of Crete) project; threaten, menace the Minotaur, half man half bull less wonderful, marvelous, amazing wonder, marvel at, be astonished wonderful, marvelous, astonishing mix, mingle, intermingle friend of Aeneas, a trumpeter wretched, miserable, poor, sad miserable, pitiable fell pity, have compassion lament, commiserate; pity that may be thrown; as noun – javelin, darts grow mild, be tamed, be civilized headband send, let go; throw; dismiss 29 Mnestheus mobilitas modo modus moenia moles molior mollio mollis moneo monimentum monitus mons monstro monstrum monumentum mora moribundus morior moror mors morsus mortalis mos motus moveo mox mugitus mulceo multiplex multus munio munus muralis murex murmur murus Musa muto Mycenae Myrmidones nam namque narro nascor nata nato natus nauta navigo navis ne nebula friend of Aeneas activity, mobility merely, only; just now, lately measure; way, manner; method walls, ramparts; walled city mass, weight; greatness; difficulty, labor, trouble exert, strive toil; build; rouse soften, soothe; tame, restrain yielding, soft, tender, gentle advise, warn, admonish same as monumentum warning, reminding, admonition mountain, hill; mass, heap point out, exhibit, indicate, inform; urge, advise divine omen, portent; monster, a horrible sight monument, memorial; token, remembrance delay, procrastination; obstruction, hindrance dying, at the point of death die, expire; decay, wither delay, stay, remain, linger death bite, biting mortal, transient practice, custom, habit; institution movement, motion; moved move, remove, shake; excite, arouse, agitate soon, afterwards bellowing, lowing, mooing soothe, soften, caress, flatter manifold, far more; varied much; many (pl.); great, high, abundant fortify, build; guard, secure service, office; burial of a wall, mural purple dye; sharp stone murmur, roar, growling, grumbling, crash wall, city wall a muse, one of the nine Muses change, transform; exchange city of Argolis, where Agamemnon ruled Myrmidons, people of Thessaly for for tell relate, make known; describe, mention be born, begin life; proceed daughter swim, float born, made, destined, intended; a son sailor, mariner sail ship not; do not; -ne – whether, or mist, vapor, fog, smoke 30 nec necdum nectar necto nefandus nefas nego nemus Neoptolemus nepos Neptunus neque nequiquam nescio nescius neu nexus ni niger nigrans nihil nimbus nimium niteo nitidus nitor niveus nix no nocturnus nodo nodus Nomas nomen non nondum nos nosco noster notus Notus novem novo novus nox noxa nubes nubila nudo nudus nullus num numen and not, also not; neither...nor nor yet, and not yet nectar, drink of the gods; honey bind, tie, fasten; join unspeakable, heinous, abominable sin, crime, wickedness deny, say...not, refuse wood, grove, forest Pyrrhus, son of Achilles grandson, descendant Neptune, god of the sea same as nec, and not, also not; neither...nor in vain, without reason not know, be ignorant ignorant, unaware and not, and that not, lest death, murder, slaughter if not, unless, that not black, dark black, dark nothing rain storm, black cloud; cloud too much, too; greatly shine, glitter shining, glittering, bright lean, support oneself; strive; rely snowy snow; white hair swim, float; fly, sail nocturnal, by night tie in a knot knot; impediment Numidian name; title not, by no means not yet we, us know, learn our; ours known, famous, customary south wind; the winds nine make new, renew, renovate new, young, fresh; novel night; death hurt, harm, injury cloud, mist, vapor clouds lay bare, expose, uncover naked, bare, unclothed; destitute no, none; worthless; no one interrogative particle expecting a no answer divinity, divine, power; a god or goddess 31 numerus Numidae numquam nunc nuntia nuntio nuntius nurus nusquam nutrimentum nutrix nympha o ob obeo obicio obiecto obiectus obitus obliviscor obmutesco obnitor oborior obruo obscurus observo obsido obstipesco obsto obstruo obtestor obtutus obverto obvius occasus occido occulo occulto occumbo oceanus ocior oculus odi odium odor odorus offero Oileus oleo olim olle Olympus omen number, quantity Numidians, a people of N. Africa never now female messenger announce, declare, report messenger, reporter; message, report, command daughter-in-law nowhere, in no place fuel, nourishment nurse, wet-nurse nymph O! oh! on account of, because of go, go to meet; travel; engage in; surround offer, present oppose; expose, endanger opposition; opposing setting; downfall, ruin, death forget be silent; become silent struggle with, strain against arise, appear, spring up overwhelm; sink, submerge dark, shady, obscure; unknown watch, note; guard, observe beset, besiege become senseless, be struck dumb oppose, stand in the way build up, block; stop, hinder, impede call as a witness, appeal to, implore gaze, contemplation turn towards, face in the way, meeting; against, opposite downfall, destruction; falling, setting fall, perish; end, die cover, conceal hide, conceal die great sea, the ocean swifter eye hate, dislike hatred, ill-will smell, scent, odor scented, fragrant present, offer, show father of Ajax smell, emit a smell once, formerly; one day same as ille Mt. Olympus, home of the gods omen, sign, portent 32 omnino omnipotens omnis onero onus onustus opaco opacus operio opertum opimus opperior oppeto oppono oppositus opprimo ops opto opulentus opus ora orbis Orcus ordior ordo Oreas orgia Oriens origo Orion orior ornus oro Orontes Orpheus ortus os osculum ostendo ostento ostium ostrum otium ovo pabulum paciscor Pallas Pallas palleo pallidus palma palus pando completely, entirely almighty, omnipotent all, every, whole load, burden, fill, weigh down load, burden loaded, burdened, laden make shady, shade, provide shade shady, shaded; pl. shady places cover, cover over secret place rich, abundant; spolia opima-arms won by a general from a general wait, wait for, attend encounter; die oppose; expose opposed, opposite press down, crush aid, help, assistance; means, wealth, resources choose, prefer wealthy, opulent work, labor toil; structure artistic work shore, coast; border, edge, rim circle; world; shield god of the underworld; the underworld begin, commence row, line, series; line, rank; troop, company a mountain nymph orgies, night festival of Bacchus dawn; east, the orient beginning, start, birth a constellation rise, appear; be born, originate; rise, come forth wild ash tree beg, plead; pray, beseech; speak friend of Aeneas famous mythological bard rising; sunrise mouth; face, expression kiss show, point out, display exhibit, show; hold up door; mouth, entrance purple leisure, free time; rest, repose, quiet exult, rejoice, triumph food, food for cattle, fodder agree, stipulate; bind Greek goddess Athena ally of Aeneas, son of Evander to grow pale, pale, blanch pale, colorless palm, flat hand; palm tree, palm swamp, marsh spread out, extend; open, lay open 33 Paphos par Parcae parco parens pareo pario Paris paro pars partior partus parum parvulus parvus pasco Pasiphae passim pastor Patavium patefacio pateo pater patera patesco patior patria patrius pauci paulum pavidus pavor pax pectus pecus pecus pedes pelagus Pelides pellis pello pelta Penates pendeo pendo penetrabilis penetralia penetralis penetro penitus penna Penthesilea peplum city in Cyprus equal, even; well-balanced the Fates spare, use moderately; abstain, refrain parent appear, be visible; obey, submit, comply give birth, produce; create, accomplish Helen’s abductor; son of Priam prepare, arrange, make ready part, portion; side share, distribute, divide birth, delivery too little, insufficiently very small, little; young small; short, brief feed, nourish; graze wife of Minos and mother of the Minotaur spread, scattered, in every direction shepherd, herdsman Patavium, the modern Padua lay open, throw open; disclose be open, stand open father, sire bowl, saucer be opened; stretch out, extend bear, support, suffer, endure native land, own country; home fatherly; traditional few a little, somewhat trembling, fearful, timid trembling, shaking, terror peace, reconciliation breast, chest, heart pecudis, f., a head of cattle, beast pecoris, n., cattle; drones; flock foot soldier sea son of Peleus, Achilles hide, skin, pelt beat, strike, knock; drive out light shield, half-moon shaped shield, pelt household gods, gods of the state hang, be suspended; loiter suspend, weigh; ponder, consider penetrable, piercing inner rooms, inner parts inward, inner penetrate, enter; pierce inwardly, deeply; thoroughly feather, plume; pl. wings queen of the Amazons robe, mantle 34 per perago peragro percutio pereo pererro perfero perficio perfidus perflo perforo perfundo Pergama Pergameus pergo perhibeo periculum perimo Periphas perlabor perlego permisceo permitto pernix perpetuus perrumpo persentio persolvo persono pertaedet pertempto perterritus pervenio pes pestis peto phalanx pharetra Phoebeus Phoebus Phoenices Phoenissa Phoenix Phryges Phrygius Phthia piaculum picea pictura pietas piget pineus pingo through, along; throughout, during; by means of thrust through, pierce; review; accomplish wander through, travel, pass through strike through, pierce, transfix; slay, kill perish, pass away, be destroyed wander through, roam over; survey bring home; reach the mark; carry, bring; report; bear accomplish, achieve; execute, complete dishonest, treacherous, perfidious blow over, blow through bore through, pierce, perforate pour over, drench; scatter over, besprinkle Troy Trojan proceed, go on, hasten bring forward; say, assert; call, name danger, peril, risk annihilate, destroy, prevent a Greek slip through, glide over examine thoroughly, survey, peruse mix together, mix thoroughly; mingle hand over, entrust, surrender; allow nimble, swift; persistent continuous, unbroken; forever break through, force a way through feel deeply; perceive clearly unravel, solve; render thanks; fulfill resound, reecho it wearies, disgusts, makes sick prove thoroughly, test; try severely, overwhelm terrified reach, arrive; attain foot; sheet destruction, ruin, plague; curse, bane seek, aim at; attack; scan phalanx, compact armed formation, battalion quiver of Phoebus (Apollo) Apollo Phoenicians of Phoenicia; as noun - Dido Greek leader Trojans, Phrygians Phrygian, Trojan district of Thessaly offering, sacrifice; remedy pitch-pine, pine painting, picture devotion, dutiful conduct, sense of duty it irks, pains, grieves piney, pine paint, represent, depict 35 pinguis pinifer pinna piscosus pius placeo placidus placo plaga plangor planta plenus pluma plus poena Poeni Polites polliceor Pollux polus pondus pone pono pontus poples populo populus porta porticus porto portus posco possum post posterus posthabeo postis postquam potens potior potius praeceps praecipio praecipito praecipuus praeclarus praecordia praeda praeficio praefixus praemitto praemium praepes fat, juicy pine-bearing feather, plume full of fish devoted, dutiful, devout, conscientious please, give pleasure; impers. it is agreed calm, gentle, quiet soothe, assuage, appease, reconcile region; net, snare striking, beating sprout, shoot; sole, sole of the foot full, filled feather, plume more, in greater number penalty, punishment Carthaginians son of Priam promise, offer half brother of Castor, son of Jupiter and Leda pole; sky, heavens weight, consequence, load behind put, place; establish; lay down sea knee lay waste, ravage; destroy, ruin, mutilate people, nation door, gate; avenue, entrance, outlet colonnade, arcade, gallery, portico carry, bear port, harbor ask, beg, demand, request be able, can after, behind; afterwards following, next; after; last place after, esteem less post, doorpost; door after, when powerful, mighty; ruling acquire, take possession of, have, hold rather, preferable, more headlong, in haste obtain beforehand, anticipate; advise, admonish throw down; rush, sink rapidly, drop special, chief, excellent, distinguished famous; bright, brilliant, excellent breast, heart plunder, pillage, booty, spoil put in charge, appoint tipped, pointed send ahead reward; advantage; prize of good omen, favorable; a bird of good omen; swift 36 praeruptus praesaepe praescius praesens praesentio praesideo praestans praesto praetendo praeterea praetereo praeterlabor praetexo praeverto pravus precor premo prendo pretium prex Priamus primus princeps principium prior priscus pristinus prius priusquam pro probo procedo procella procul procumbo prodeo prodo produco proelium proficiscor profor profugus profundus progenies progigno progredior prolabor proles promereor promitto promo pronuba pronus broken off, steep, rugged hive prescient, foreknowing present, in person; prompt, efficacious feel beforehand, presage, perceive in advance be in charge, guard, watch, preside superior, excellent, distinguished, extraordinary stand out, be superior, it is better hold out, extend, present; simulate, pretend besides, moreover to go by, go past, pass by; go beyond, outstrip glide by, flow by weave; cover, conceal go before, outrun; anticipate, prevent crooked, distorted, deformed; improper, wrong ask, beg, entreat, request press, pursue; overpower; bury; conceal; restrain grasp, snatch, seize; hold, stop price, value, worth prayer, request Priam, king of Troy first; chief, excellent leader, chief, founder, originator beginning, origin former, previous, prior, first ancient, former, of old early, original, pristine before, sooner, first, previously before for; before, on account of; instead of approve commend; recommend, show; prove go forward, proceed; advance, elapse violent wind, storm, in the distance, far, from afar fall forwards, fall prostrate go forth, come forward; advance produce, propagate; report; reveal lead forward; bring forth, produce battle, combat set out, depart, march speak out, speak fugitive; banished, exiled deep, profound; of the underworld, infernal descent, lineage, race, family; descendants beget, bear, bring forth go forward, advance; progress glide forward, slide along, slip offspring, children, descendants deserve, merit, earn, be worthy promise, hold out, assure, expect take out, give out, produce bride’s attendant bent over, leaning; rushing; prone 37 propago propero propior proprius propter propugnaculum prora prorumpo prosequor Proserpina prospectus prospicio protendo protinus proveho proximus pubes pudor puella puer pugna pugno pugnus pulcher pulso pulverulentus pulvis Punicus puppis purpureus puto Pygmalion Pyrrhus qua quaero qualis quam quamquam quando quantum quantus quasso quater que quercus querela queror qui quia quicumque quidem quies quiesco offspring, descendant hurry, hasten, move quickly closer, nearer special, peculiar, individual; lasting on account of, because of rampart, fortress, protection prow, bow break out, rush forth, attack, burst pursue, follow up, chase wife of Pluto and queen of the underworld view, prospect look forward, look out, look, see, discern extend, reach out, lift forward, onward; continuously, without pause move along, advance, lead on, proceed nearest, closest; next young men; groin decency, modesty, propriety; shame girl boy fight, battle fight, combat, contend fist beautiful, handsome; fine, noble strike, beat, hammer, batter dusty, covered with dust dust, powder Punic, Carthaginian stern, poop; ship purple, dark red think, consider, regard; judge, believe Dido’s brother Achilles’ son where? how? in any way seek, look for, ask for what sort?; of such a kind, such as how, how much; than although, however when? as much as, so much as of what size, how much, as shake violently; shatter, batter four times enclitic, and oak, oak tree complaint, accusation express grief, complain, lament who, which; what; that because whoever, whatever, whosoever indeed, in fact rest, repose, peace rest, repose, keep quiet 38 quietus quin quinquaginta quippe Quirinus quis quisquam quisque quisquis quo quod quondam quoniam quoque quot quotannis quotiens rabidus rabies radius radix ramus rapidus rapio rapto rarus ratio ratis raucus rebellis recedo recens recidivus recipio recludo recondo rectus recurso recutio reddo redeo redimo reditus redoleo reduco refello refero reflecto refringo refugio refulgeo refundo regina at rest, inactive, in repose why not?; but, indeed fifty of course, obviously; indeed another name for Romulus who? what? any, anyone whoever, whatever; each one everyone whoever, whatever; everyone who where; at which time because; that, in that; wherefore once, at some time, at one time; sometimes since, because, whereas also, too how many? every year, annually, yearly how often?; as often as raving, mad, enraged; inspired rage, madness, frenzy; anger, fury staff, rod; a geometer’s rod; beam, ray root, foundation branch, bough, twig fierce; rushing, swift seize, snatch, tear, pluck; drive snatch, drag, hurry away loose, with large mesh; scattered, dispersed reason; account, calculation; course, conduct raft, boat hoarse; ringing; hollow-sounding insurgent, rebellious fall back, withdraw, recede fresh, young, recent falling back; rising again receive, take back; recover, rescue open, disclose, reveal; draw put back, put away; plunge right, correct; direct, straight return persistently, keep recurring shake again, shock drive back, restore; reply, answer go back, return buy back, redeem, ransom; release return, returning; circuit emit scent, smell of, be redolent of; breathe, exhale lead back, bring back disprove, refute, repel, expose bring back, carry back; recall, speak, say bend back, turn back break up, break open flee back, escape, avoid flash back, glitter, glisten pour back, make flow back queen 39 regio regius regnator regno regnum rego reicio relinquo reliquiae remigium remitto remordeo removeo remugio remus Remus renovo reor repello rependo reperio repertor repeto repleo repono reprimo requies requiro res reservo resido resigno resisto resolvo resono respicio respondeo responsum resto resupinus resurgo rete retego retorqueo retracto retro revello reverto reviso revoco revolvo rex Rhesus region, area; direction; boundary line royal, regal, kingly ruler, sovereign rule, reign, govern kingdom; royalty rule, control; direct, guide throw back, hurl back leave, abandon, relinquish remainders, remnants rowing, oarage send back, drive back; loosen, relax; give up bite again; vex, torment move back, drive away, remove bellow back; resound oar Romulus’s brother renew, restore; repeat think, believe, suppose drive back, drive away, repel ransom; repay; balance find again, find, discover discoverer, inventor (Jupiter) attack again; seek again, demand back; retake, recall fill again, refill, fill up put back, restore; stretch out; lay aside, store keep back, check, curb, restrain, refrain rest, repose, respite seek again, search for; demand; require thing, incident, matter; state; pl. exploits, world keep back, save up, reserve sit down, settle; subside unseal, open; reveal remain, continue; oppose, resist loosen, release, relax; dispel resound, ring look back, gaze at, look for reply, respond, answer reply, answer, response; advice withstand, resist, oppose; remain bent back, lying on the back rise again, appear again net uncover, bare, open; disclose, reveal twist back, turn back; change, alter undertake anew; consider; withdraw backward, back; formerly pull away, tear off; violate turn back, return look back; revisit recall, call again revolve, turn again; unroll, repeat; return king Thracian leader 40 rideo rigeo rima ripa rite ritus robur rogus Roma Romanus Romulus roscidus roseus rota rudens ruina rumor rumpo ruo rupes rursus rus Rutuli Sabaeus sacer sacerdos sacra sacro saeculum saepe saepio saevio saevus sagitta sal saltem saltus salum salus Samos sanctus sanguineus sanguis sanies sanus Sarpedon sat sator Saturnius Saturnus saucius saxum scaena laugh; ridicule be stiff, stiffen; bristle, harden crack, fissure bank, margin solemnly, ceremonially; rightly, fitly ceremony, rite hardwood, oak; tree trunk; oak tree funeral pyre Rome Roman first king and founder of Rome wet with dew, dewy; moistened rose-colored, ruddy wheel; chariot roaring, bellowing fall, crash, ruin rumor, report; murmur break, burst, rupture; break through rush, hurry; fall down, tumble rock, cliff again, in turn the country, fields Rutulians, Turnus’ tribe Sabaean (Arabian group) holy, sacred priest, priestess sacrifices consecrate, dedicate, devote generation, age; a lifetime often, frequently hedge in, enclose, encircle; surround; protect rage, rave savage, fierce, ferocious; terrible arrow, shaft salt water, the sea at least, at all events, anyhow leap, leaping; forest, woodland the open sea, the deep health, welfare, prosperity; greeting island off Asia Minor holy, sacred; revered bloody, blood-red blood; bloodshed, slaughter gore, bloody matter whole, healthy, well; sober, sane ally of the Trojans, Lycian king enough, sufficient, adequate father, creator of Saturn, Saturnian Saturn, father of Jupiter, king of Latium wounded, hurt, injured large stone, boulder, rock stage, scene; theater; space 41 scando sceleratus scelero scelus sceptrum scilicet scindo scintilla scio scopulus scutum Scyllaea Scyrius se secessus seco secretum secundus securis securus secus sed sedeo sedes sedile seditio seduco segnis semen semianimis seminex semino semita semivirus semper senatus senecta senex seni senior sensus sententia sentio sentus sepelio septem septemplex septeni sepulchrum sequor sereno serenus Serestus climb, rise, ascend polluted, profaned; wicked, impious pollute, defile, desecrate wicked deed, crime, sin, wickedness scepter; kingdom, rule, authority to be sure, indeed cut, tear, rend, split, divide spark, glimmer, trace know, understand rock, cliff, crag, ledge shield, protection, defense of Scylla of Scyros (an Aegean island) himself, herself, itself, themselves separation; ravine, hiding-place cut, reap, carve; operate, divide mystery, hidden thing, secret favorable; second ax, hatchet carefree, composed; cheerful, serene otherwise, differently but sit; hold court seat, dwelling-place; foundation seat, bench, stool, chair insurrection, mutiny; dissension, quarrel take apart, lead away; divide, part slow, tardy, slack; sluggish seed, beginning; cause half-alive, half-dead half-dead sow; produce path, lane half-man; effeminate, unmanly always, ever, continually senate old age, senility old, aged six each older observation, feeling, sensation; way of thinking opinion, judgment, decision perceive, note; understand thorny, rough bury; place on a funeral pyre; destroy, suppress seven sevenfold seven each burial place, tomb, grave follow, pursue; accompany calm, make clear calm, clear friend of Aeneas 42 Sergestus sermo sero serpens serpo sertum servio servitium servo sese seu sex si sibilus Sibylla sic sicco siccus Siculus sido Sidonius sidus signum silentium sileo silex silva similis Simois simul simulacrum simulo sin sine singuli sino Sinon sinuo sinus sisto sitis situs sive socio socius sol solamen soleo solidus solium sollemnis sollicito solor friend of Aeneas speech, conversation; talk, report, rumor engage; sire, produce snake, serpent crawl, creep; creep in garland, wreath serve, work for slavery, bondage save, guard, keep same as se – himself, herself, itself, themselves or, or if; whether...or (same as sive) six if, when hissing Sibyl, prophetess thus, in this way dry; mild dry dry; thirsty of Sicily; Sicilian perch, settle, sit down of Sidon constellation, group of stars; the sky, heaven sign, indication; standard; figure silence, stillness be silent, be still; suppress flint, granite wood, forest similar, like, resembling river near Troy at the same time, simultaneously likeness, image, statue pretend, feign simulate but if without one at a time, single; separate allow, permit the Greek who tricks the Trojans curve, bend bay; fold; bosom set, set up, fix, plant; present; halt, stay thirst; drought position, spot, place; neglect whether; or if associate; bind, unite friend, comrade, ally sun solace, consolation, comfort be accustomed; (usually) undivided, whole, complete; trustworthy throne; seat solemn; sacred; accustomed disturb, bother, trouble console oneself for; cheer, comfort 43 solum solus solvo somnus sonipes sonitus sono sonorus sopor soror sors sortior spargo Spartanus spatior spatium species spectaculum spectator specula speculor spelunca sperno spero spes spira spiritus spiro spolio spolium spons spuma spumeus spumo spumosus squaleo squameus stabilis stabulum stagnum statio statuo stellatus sterno Sthenelus stimulus stimulo stipes stipo stirps sto stratum strepitus ground, base, foundation alone, only, single, sole loosen, relax; release, unfurl; dispel, dismiss sleep, slumber charger, steed sound, noise, din resound, make a noise; speak, express howling, roaring, resounding slumber, deep sleep sister fate, lot; prophecy; destiny, fortune cast lots, draw lots; share, divide; choose scatter, sprinkle, strew Spartan walk, wander around space, room; level; path sight, appearance; spectacle; resemblance sight, spectacle spectator lookout, watchtower watch, keep watch; observe cave scorn, disdain; reject hope, look for, expect hope fold, coil spirit, soul; breath breathe strip, uncover, bare; rob, plunder pl. arms stripped from an enemy; booty free will, accord; abl. freely, willingly spray, froth, foam foamy foam, froth foaming, foamy be filthy scaly firm, steady, stable, fixed; firm, lasting stall, stable; lair swamp, standing water resting place; anchorage set up, station; construct, build studded; gleaming spread out; overthrow, level, flatten Diomedes’ charioteer spur spur; prick, goad on trunk press, pack; fill, cram, stuff stem; lineage stand; be built; linger, remain covering; bed, couch din, clash, rustle, clatter 44 strideo stridor stringo struo studium stupeo stuppeus Stygius Styx suadeo sub subeo subicio subigo subito sublimis submergo submitto subnecto subnixus suboles subrideo subrigo subsido subsisto subter subtraho subvolvo succedo successus succingo succumbo succurro suffero sufficio suffundo sulcus sum summus sumo super superbus superemineo superi supero superstitio supersum superus supinus supplex suppliciter supplicium suppono make a harsh noise, hiss shrill sound, creak, grating, rattle graze, trim, strip place together, heap up; prepare, devise desire, exertion, endeavor; pursuit be stunned, be amazed; wonder at hempen, made of hemp of the Styx (river in the underworld) river of the underworld advise, exhort, urge, persuade under, beneath; at the foot of; acc. to, toward go under, enter; come up, advance; support; follow place under; set up, mount; ascribe drive on, propel; force suddenly, immediately, at once lofty, high, exalted; on high, lofty; eminent dip, plunge under, sink put down, lower; moderate; humble, yield tie under, fasten beneath leaning on; supported by child; offspring smile lift, raise settle down, subside halt, take a stand, stop; oppose beneath, under withdraw; pass. fly beneath roll up go below, enter; ascend; succeed; approach; take up success gird; equip yield to, fall under help, relieve; succour submit to, under, suffer suffuse, tinge; supply; be sufficient pour in; suffuse furrow; trench be uppermost, highest; loftiest, supreme take, lay hold of, assume; undertake; inflict above, over, on top of proud, arrogant, insolent surpass, tower over the gods surpass, transcend; remain; excel, be superior superstition, dread of the supernatural survive; remain; suffice upper, higher lying on one’s back suppliant, beseeching, entreating humbly, suppliantly punishment, penalty apply; put under 45 supra supremum sura surgo suscipio suspendo suspicio suspiro suus Sychaeus Syrtis tabeo tabula taceo tacitus taeda talaria talis tam tamen tandem tango tantum tantus Tartara taurinus taurus tectum tegmen tego tellus telum tempero tempestas templum tempto tempus tenax tendo tenebrosus Tenedos teneo tentorium tenuis tenus ter terebro teres tergum termino ternus tero terra above, over for the last time calf; leg rise, get up, stand up; ascend take, catch, take up; have, get; undertake, undergo hand, suspend look up at, admire; suspect sigh his, her, its, their Dido’s husband (slain by Pygmalion) Syrtis (shallow sandy bays on the coast of Africa) be drenched board, plank be silent, say nothing secret, unmentioned, silent torch; nuptial torch sandals such, of such a kind so, so very however, nevertheless, still at last, finally; pray now touch; border on, reach so much, so greatly so great, so much, such Tartarus, the underworld a bull’s; of a bull bull; bullock house, dwelling; roof; covering, cover cover, cover over, hide; shelter; dissemble, keep secret earth, globe, land, ground; personified Earth spear, shaft, javelin; weapon restrain oneself, abstain, keep from; soothe storm, tempest; disturbance; multitude temple, sanctuary, shrine try, attempt; tempt time; occasion, opportunity tenacious, griping, clinging stretch, extend; present; aim; exert, strive dark, gloomy island near Troy hold, keep, have; occupy; hold back, detain; reach tent slim, thin; little, slight; low up to, as far as three times, thrice bore into, pierce smooth, polished back, rear; hide, leather end; limit triple graze, touch; wear away, waste earth, land, soil; personified Earth 46 terreo terribilis terrifico territo tertius testor testudo tete Teucer Teucri Teucria thalamus theatrum thesaurus Theseus Thessandrus Thoas Threicius Threissa Thybris Thyias Thymoetes thymum Tiberinus tigris Timavus timeo timor Titan togatus tollo tonitrus tormentum torqueo torreo torus torvus tot totidem totiens totus trabs tractabilis traho traicio trano tranquillus transeo transfero transfigo transmitto transverbero tremefactus frighten, terrify dreadful, fearful terrify terrify, frighten third call to witness; swear by tortoise shell; roof intensive form of te 1. first Trojan king 2. half brother of Ajax Trojans Troy inner room, chamber; marriage bed theater treasure king of Athens Greek warrior at Troy Greek warrior at Troy Thracian, of Thrace a Thracian woman Tiber River Bacchant, Thyiad a Trojan thyme of the Tiber tigress, tiger river in northeastern Italy fear, be afraid of fear, dread, anxiety Titan, name given to the god of the sun wearing a toga lift, raise; erect; extol, exalt thunder machine for hurling twist, bend, turn roast sofa, couch, bed stern, grim so many, such a number of just so many, just as many so often, as often entire, all, whole beam, timber, rafter tangible, manageable, yielding draw, drag; lead, bring; sweep along; spend, prolong throw across; strike; pass through, penetrate fly over; swim across calm, tranquil go across, go over; pass by carry across; transfer pierce send across; transfer transfix shaken 47 tremesco tremo tremor trepido trepidus tres tridens trietericus triginta Trinacrius tristis trisulcus Triton triumphus Trivia Troia Troianus Troilus Troius Tros trucido trudo truncus trux tu tueor tum tumeo tumidus tumultus tumulus tunc tundo turba turbidus turbo turbo Turnus turpis turris tus tutus tuus Tydides tyrannus Tyrius Tyros Tyrrhenus uber ubi ubique ulciscor Ulixes tremble, quake, shudder tremble, shake, quake trembling tremble, shake restless, agitated, anxious three with three teeth; trident biennial (triennial in Roman system) thirty Sicilian sad, sorrowful, dejected; dismal, gloomy three-forked sea-god, son of Neptune triumph another name for Diana Troy Trojan one of Priam’s sons Trojan Trojan kill, butcher push body, trunk harsh, fierce, wild you look at, behold, watch; keep in mind; care for then, at that time, in those times; further swell, be swollen swollen, tumid; puffing up uproar, commotion, disturbance, tumult sepulchral mound, grave; heap of earth the beat, strike, thump; pound, bruise; stun uproar, commotion; crowd, throng confused, disordered; troubled, violent turbinis, m. whirlind, tornado turbare – disturb, make an uproar leader of the Rutulians, Aeneas’s enemy ugly; filthy, disgraceful tower, citadel incense safe, secure your son of Tydeus=Diomedes tyrant Tyrian, of Tyre Tyre Tyrrhenian rich where?; where, when everywhere, anywhere avenge Ulysses (Odysseus) 48 ullus ulterior ultimus ultra ultro ululatus ululo umbo umbra umbrifer umecto umens umerus umidus umquam una unanimus uncus unda unde undique undosus unguis unguo unus urbs urgeo urna uro usquam usus ut uterque uterus uti utor uxorius vacca vaco vacuus vado vadum vagina vagor valeo validus valles vanus varius vasto vastus vates ve any, any one farther, more remote last; furthest beyond, on the other side on the other side, beyond wailing, howling howl, yell, wail boss shadow, shade shade-giving moisten, wet moist, dewy, wet shoulder, upper arm dewy, watery ever at once, together, at the same time sympathizing, agreeing hooked, crooked wave from which place, whence from all parts, on all sides, all around billowy fingernail smear, anoint one, only, alone city press, force, urge; drive urn burn anywhere, any place use how?; as, when each, either, each one; pl. both womb; belly how?; as, when use, profit; spend; perform, practice uxorious, devoted to one’s wife cow be free empty, vacant, clear; free, free from go, walk shallow place, ford sheath wander, roam; spread be well, be strong; say goodbye strong, powerful, robust valley, vale empty, void; fruitless; false, deceptive various, variegated; changing, variable; fickle pillage unoccupied; vast, immense, huge seer, prophet enclitic – or, or if you will 49 veho vel velivolus vello velo velox velum velut vena venabulum venatrix vendo venenum venia venio venor ventus Venus verbum vereor vero verro verso vertex verto verus Vesper Vesta vester vestibulum vestigium vestigo vestis veto vetus via vibro vicissim victor victus video vigeo vigil vimen vincio vinco vinculum vindico vinum violo vir vireo virga carry, bear; bring, usher in or, or indeed; certainly sail-winged tear, pluck cover, wrap swift sail just as, even as, like vein, artery; pl. heart hunting spear huntress sell poison; drug indulgence, kindness, favor; permission come, arrive; go hunt wind goddess of Love, Aeneas’s mother word fear in fact, in truth, truly sweep whirl whirlpool, vortex turn, direct, change; twist; destroy true, real, actual, genuine the evening star goddess of the hearth your entrance step, footprint, track; trace, mark, vestige search clothing, attire, garments forbid old, aged way, road, path; method, mode shake, brandish, wield; glimmer, gleam in turn winner, victor, conqueror food see, perceive; understand; pass. seem, appear thrive awake, alert; watchful, restless twig, stem bind, tie, fasten conquer, overcome, defeat; banish chain, rope, fetter; bond claim; rescue wine injure, dishonor; violate man, male be green wand; branch, twig 50 virgo viridis virtus vis viscum viscus visus vita vitalis vitta vivo vivus vix voco volatilis volo volo volucer volumen voluntas voluto volvo voro vos vosmet votum voveo vox vulgo vulgus vulnus vultus Xanthus Zephyrus young woman, virgin green strength, courage, excellence; character, virtue force, violence; pl. strength mistletoe flesh; organs sight, vision; appearance life vital, of life band, fillet, braid live, be alive; linger alive, living scarcely, barely; just call, name; invite; invoke winged velle - wish, want, desire volare - fly winged, flying coil; fold will, wish, choice, desire; purpose roll, turn; weigh, ponder, consider turn, roll; ordain, decree; glide swallow you emphatic form of vos vow, solemn pledge; a votive offering vow voice, cry, call; word, saying make known, spread abroad crowd, throng; rabble wound, injury face, appearance; expression river near Troy west wind 51 WORDS OCCURRING FIFTEEN TIMES OR MORE a, ab ac ad Aeneas agmen aliquis alius altus amor animus ante ara arma arx at atque aura aurum aut bellum caelum caput circum classis coniunx corpus cum cura de dea deus dexter dico dictum Dido divus do domus duco dum e, ex ego eo et fama fatum fero ferrum flamma for gens from, away from, by same as atque – and, and also to, toward, near, at, by hero of the Aeneid army (on the march), column, train, formation, rank, line someone, anyone another, other, else high, lofty; deep, profound; as noun altum – the sea, heaven love, affection, fondness; as person - Cupid soul, spirit, heart, courage, daring, feeling before, in front of, previously altar arms, weapons; tools, equipment citadel, fortress, stronghold; hill, peak but; yet, at least and, and also; but, than air, breeze, wind, blast gold or; aut…aut= either…or war sky, heaven, the heavens head, the summit, person around, all around fleet, division spouse, husband, wife body prep. with, conjunction when, since, although anxiety, distress, care, concern from, away from, down from; concerning, according to goddess god, deity right, to the right; skillful dicere - say, speak, sing, describe, name assertion, remark, saying queen of Carthage of a deity, godlike, divine give, appoint; grant, bestow; emit, utter house, home, dwelling, building lead, lead away, guide, conduct, prolong; choose while; with subjunctive=until out of, from; of; since; according to I go, walk, ride, sail, move and, also report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition prediction; fate bring, carry, bear, wear; report; offer iron; iron tool; sword flame, blaze; flame of passion; speak, say; prophesy race, clan; descendant, offspring 52 hic hic, haec, hoc hinc hostis iam ignis ille, illa, illud in ingens inter ipse Italia iubeo Iuno labor lacrima latus limen litus locus longus magnus manus medius mens meus miser moenia multus natus ne nec non noster nox nunc o oculus omnis ora oro os pars pater pectus per peto possum premo Priamus primus que qui adv. here this, the latter from this place, hence; on either side enemy, foe, stranger now, at this time, already; with a neg., longer, more fire that; he, she, it acc. into, to; against; abl. in, on, upon huge, vast, enormous; extraordinary between, among himself, herself, itself Italy order, tell, command goddess of marriage; wife of Jupiter noun – labor, toil, exertion; suffering, hardship tear adj. broad, wide, extensive threshold, door; house, dwelling seashore, beach place, spot; position long, extended large, great, huge, mighty; important hand; band troop; handiwork the middle of, middle mind, intellect; memory; feeling; heart my, mine wretched, miserable, poor, sad walls, ramparts; walled city much; many (pl.); great, high, abundant born, made, destined, intended; a son not; do not; -ne – whether, or and not, also not; neither...nor not, by no means our; ours night; death now O! oh! eye all, every, whole shore, coast; border, edge, rim beg, plead; pray, beseech; speak mouth; face, expression part, portion; side father, sire breast, chest, heart through, along; throughout, during; by means of seek, aim at; attack; scan be able, can press, pursue; overpower; bury; conceal; restrain Priam, king of Troy first; chief, excellent enclitic, and who, which; what; that 53 quis refero regina regnum res rex sanguis se sed sequor si sic socius soror sto sub sum summus suus talis tandem tantus tectum telum teneo terra Teucri tot totus Troia tu tum Turnus tuus ubi umbra unda unus urbs ut ve venio ventus via video vir vis voco volvo vox vulnus who? what? bring back, carry back; recall, speak, say queen kingdom; royalty thing, incident, matter; state; pl. exploits, world king blood; bloodshed, slaughter himself, herself, itself, themselves but follow, pursue; accompany if, when thus, in this way friend, comrade, ally sister stand; be built; linger, remain under, beneath; at the foot of; acc. to, toward be uppermost, highest; loftiest, supreme his, her, its, their such, of such a kind at last, finally; pray now so great, so much, such house, dwelling; roof; spear, shaft, javelin; weapon hold, keep, have; occupy; hold back, detain; reach earth, land, soil Trojans so many, such a number of entire, all, whole Troy you then, at that time, in those times; further leader of the Rutulians, Aeneas’s enemy your where?; where, when shadow, shade wave one, only, alone city how?; as, when enclitic – or, or if you will come, arrive; go wind way, road, path; method, mode see, perceive; understand; pass. seem, appear man, male force, violence; pl. strength call, name; invite; invoke turn, roll; ordain, decree; glide voice, cry, call; word, saying wound, injury 54 WORDS OCCURRING 9-14 TIMES Achilles aequor aequus ago ait ardeo arvum ater audeo audio averto bis capio casus causa cavus centum cerno cingo clamor comes condo contra corripio credo crudelis cursus Danaus dies dolor donum dulcis durus enim equidem equus eripio erro etiam extremus facio finis fluctus fors fortis fortuna fuga fugio fundo furo furor greatest of the Greek heroes at Troy the sea, surface of the sea, a level surface even, level, just, fair drive, do, pursue, conduct imp – Come! says, asserts be on fire, burn, blaze plowed land, cultivated field, field black, dark, sable, dusky; gloomy dare, venture, risk hear, listen to turn away, avert, remove twice, double seize, grasp, capture fall, falling-down, ruin, failure cause, reason, motive hollow, excavated 100 separate, distinguish, discern, perceive equip, gird oneself; surround, encircle shout friend, companion, comrade found, establish, build against, opposite, facing seize, snatch, grasp; attack believe, trust, confide in cruel, unfeeling, hard running course, a run, journey of Danaus (famous Greek king) pl. the Greeks day pain, suffering, anguish, distress, grief, trouble gift, present sweet, agreeable, delightful, agreeable hard, harsh, vigorous; pitiless, unyielding for, namely, that is to say indeed, truly horse tear out, wrest, pluck tear; rescue deliver, free wander, stray, roam; be in error also, too, even; still outermost, utmost, farthest; remotest; tip make, do, produce, build end, boundary, limit; pl. territory wave, tide, billow, surge chance, luck, fortune brave, strong, courageous fortune, chance, luck flight, rapid motion flee, run away, escape fundere – pour, pour out, shed; spread rage, rave, be out of one’s mind raving, rage, madness, fury, passion 55 gemitus genitor genus gravis haud heu homo iacto idem imago immanis imperium imus incipio insto interea Iovis ira iungo laetus Latium lego lumen malus maneo mare metus misceo mitto mons morior mors murus namque navis neque nomen nos notus novus nubes numen opus orbis Pallas parens paro pelagus pono populus porta pro puer groan, sighing, complaint father race, stock, family; birth, noble birth; descendant heavy, weighty, burdened not, not at all, by no means alas ! person, human being, man throw out; consider, discuss; pronounce, utter, speak the same image; ghost, vision; reminder huge; monstrous, frightful command, order; supreme power, sovereignty lowest, deepest, last begin stand upon, take a position; press, pursue meanwhile Jove, Jupiter anger, fury, hate join, unite, connect joyous, happy, delighted; pleasant, grateful district in Italy south of the Tiber gather, collect, choose, pick; survey light; pl. eyes evil, wicked bad; hostile remain, stay sea fear, dread, apprehension mix, mingle, intermingle send, let go; throw; dismiss mountain, hill; mass, heap die, expire; decay, wither death wall, city wall for ship same as nec, and not, also not; neither...nor name; title we, us known, famous, customary new, young, fresh; novel cloud, mist, vapor divinity, divine, power; a god or goddess work, labor toil; structure artistic work circle; world; shield ally of Aeneas, son of Evander parent prepare, arrange, make ready sea put, place; establish; lay down people, nation door, gate; avenue, entrance, outlet for; before, on account of; instead of boy 56 pulcher puppis quaero qualis quam rapio reddo relinquo Romanus ruo sacer saevus saxum scopulus sedes sese sidus silva solus somnus sors spes spolium subeo super supplex surgo tamen tantum tellus templum tempus tendo tergum tollo Troianus turbo Tyrius ullus umerus una vates Venus vertex verto verus vinco volo volo vultus beautiful, handsome; fine, noble stern, poop; ship seek, look for, ask for what sort?; of such a kind, such as how, how much; than seize, snatch, tear, pluck; drive drive back, restore; reply, answer leave, abandon, relinquish Roman rush, hurry; fall down, tumble holy, sacred savage, fierce, ferocious; terrible large stone, boulder, rock rock, cliff, crag, ledge seat, dwelling-place; foundation same as se – himself, herself, itself, themselves constellation, group of stars; the sky, heaven wood, forest alone, only, single, sole sleep, slumber fate, lot; prophecy; destiny, fortune hope pl. arms stripped from an enemy; booty go under, enter; come up, advance; support; follow above, over, on top of suppliant, beseeching, entreating rise, get up, stand up; ascend however, nevertheless, still so much, so greatly earth, globe, land, ground temple, sanctuary, shrine time; occasion, opportunity stretch, extend; present; aim; exert, strive back, rear; hide, leather lift, raise; erect; extol, exalt Trojan turbare – disturb, make an uproar Tyrian, of Tyre any, any one shoulder, upper arm at once, together, at the same time seer, prophet goddess of Love, Aeneas’s mother whirlpool, vortex turn, direct, change; twist; destroy true, real, actual, genuine conquer, overcome, defeat; banish velle - wish, want, desire volare - fly face, appearance; expression 57 WORDS OCCURRING 5-8 TIMES accendo accipio acer Achates adeo adeo adfor adloquor adsum adversus aeger Aeolus aer aeternus aether agnosco ala alter amicus amitto amo amplector an Anchises anima Anna annus antiquus antrum aperio Apollo appareo arbor artus Ascanius aspicio attollo aureus auris Ausonius bonus cado caecus caedes campus cano carus cedo celer certus cervix set on fire; inflame; arouse; inspire receive, accept, admit, welcome sharp, keen, fierce, violent Aeneas’s constant companion to that degree, so adire – go to, approach, reach visit, encounter, meet address, speak to address, speak to be present, be at hand, near turned toward, opposing, facing, adverse sick, diseased, weary, weak god of the winds air, breeze, mist, cloud everlasting, eternal upper air, ether; air; sky, heaven recognize wing, pinion one of the two, the other friendly; as noun - friend lose, send away; let go love, cherish, like enfold, embrace, wind about or Aeneas’s father breath, breath of life; life, existence; shade, soul spirit Dido’s sister year of olden times, ancient, aged, former cave, cavern, grotto open, uncover, disclose, reveal god of music and prophecy appear, be disclosed, be seen tree, trunk, shoot joint, limb, frame, body Aeneas’s son look at, look upon, behold; regard lift up, raise up; rear golden, of gold ear Ausonian, Italian good fall, fall down, descend blind killing, slaughter, carnage field, plan, level place sing, sound, play dear, precious, valued go from, remove, withdraw, abandon quick, swift, speedy determined, resolved, fixed, certain neck, nape 58 circumdo claudo clipeus cogo colligo coma comitor compono conubium cor Creusa crinis cruentus cunctor currus Dardanius demitto desero dirus dives doceo dux ecce effero effor egregius ensis ergo Eurus exanimus excipio exuviae facilis fallo fas fides fidus figo foedo forma foveo frater fremo frustra fulgeo funus geminus gero Graius habeo haereo hasta Hector surround, place around, encompass shut, close, enclose round shield collect, compel, force, urge gather, collect; assemble hair; foliage accompany, attend, follow collect, lay; put to rest, quiet marriage heart Aeneas’s wife hair spotted with blood, bloody, stained delay, linger, hesitate chariot, car, wagon Trojan, of Dardanus let down, drop, let fall, shed leave, forsake, abandon, desert ominous, fearful, awful, dreadful, horrible rich, wealthy, opulent teach, instruct, inform leader, guide, general behold! look! carry out, take away; bear, produce utter, tell, speak out distinguished, excellent, eminent sword therefore, consequently, accordingly southeast or east wind lifeless, dead take out, withdraw; take up, catch, receive spoils; relics; skin easy trip, fall;err, mistake, deceive oneself divine law; with est=it is lawful, it is permitted faith, loyalty, belief, reliance; trustworthiness loyal, faithful, credible fix, fasten; pierce make foul, defile, pollute form, shape; beauty cherish, fondle, caress brother roar, resound, howl; applaud; grumble because of in vain, for nothing flash, glitter, gleam, shine funeral procession, funeral rites, burial; death, murder twin bear, carry, wage Greek have, hold, support, carry; consider, regard cling, stick, be fastened; linger, pause spear, lance, javelin Troy’s champion, son of Hector 59 heros hiems honor huc iaceo Iliacus impello impono inanis incendo incumbo infelix ingredior inimicus inquit insequor insignis is, ea, id iste iterum Iulus Iuppiter ius iuvenis iuvo Karthago labor letum lex Libya Libycus linquo loco loquor lucus lustro lux maestus magis manes mater memini memor memoro miror miseror modus moles molior mollis monstro mora moror hero, demigod winter, winter time honor, repute, esteem, distinction to this place, hither; to this point, so far lie, be prostrate, lie at rest of Ilium, Trojan strike against, strike, push; set in motion place upon, put on useless, empty, meaningless set fire to, burn; rouse, incite lean press; bend to; oppress unfortunate, unlucky, miserable; barren advance, go forward; undertake hostile, unfriendly, hateful; damaging says, said follow after, come next; proceed, go on distinguished, remarkable, prominent he, she it that (of yours) – often contemptuous again, a second time, once more another name for Ascanius Jupiter, king of the gods right, justice, duty young, youthful; as a noun – young person help, aid, assist, serve; delight Carthage, an ancient city in N. Africa labi – slip, glide, slide, move; sink, fall death, annihilation law, precept, regulation, principle region of N. Africa of Libya go away, leave, depart from, abandon place, put, lay; establish speak, talk, say, tell; declare sacred grove review, observe, examine; illuminate light, brightness; pl. heavenly bodies sorrowful, dejected, despondent more departed spirit, ghost, shade mother; native land remember, recollect mindful, remembering mention, recount, speak of, tell wonder, marvel at, be astonished lament, commiserate; pity measure; way, manner; method mass, weight; greatness; difficulty, labor, trouble exert, strive toil; build; rouse yielding, soft, tender, gentle point out, exhibit, indicate, inform; urge, advise delay, procrastination; obstruction, hindrance delay, stay, remain, linger 60 mortalis mos moveo munus murmur nam nemus nequiquam nullus nympha obscurus Olympus omnipotens ops opto ostium pando par parvus pateo patior patria patrius pax Penates pendeo penitus Pergama pergo pes Phoebus Phrygius pietas pius poena pontus portus posco post postquam precor prior procul proles pugna Pyrrhus qua quando quin quisquis quo quondam quoque mortal, transient practice, custom, habit; institution move, remove, shake; excite, arouse, agitate service, office; burial murmur, roar, growling, grumbling, crash for wood, grove, forest in vain, without reason no, none; worthless; no one nymph dark, shady, obscure; unknown Mt. Olympus, home of the gods almighty, omnipotent aid, help, assistance; means, wealth, resources choose, prefer door; mouth, entrance spread out, extend; open, lay open equal, even; well-balanced small; short, brief be open, stand open bear, support, suffer, endure native land, own country; home fatherly; traditional peace, reconciliation household gods, gods of the state hang, be suspended; loiter inwardly, deeply; thoroughly Troy proceed, go on, hasten foot; sheet Apollo Phrygian, Trojan devotion, dutiful conduct, sense of duty devoted, dutiful, devout, conscientious penalty, punishment sea port, harbor ask, beg, demand, request after, behind; afterwards after, when ask, beg, entreat, request former, previous, prior, first in the distance, far, from afar offspring, children, descendants fight, battle Achilles’ son where? how? in any way when? why not?; but, indeed whoever, whatever; everyone who where; at which time once, at some time, at one time; sometimes also, too 61 rapidus recipio reduco regius rego remitto repono respicio reviso robur Rutuli sacro seco sedeo septem sermo servo seu Sibylla simul sine sino sinus sive solum solvo sono spero spumo sterno strideo superbus taurus tego tempestas tempto ter terreo thalamus torqueo torus traho tremo tristis Tros tutus uterus valeo varius vastus vel velut vestigium fierce; rushing, swift receive, take back; recover, rescue lead back, bring back royal, regal, kingly rule, control; direct, guide send back, drive back; loosen, relax; give up put back, restore; stretch out; lay aside, store look back, gaze at, look for look back; revisit hardwood, oak; tree trunk; oak tree Rutulians, Turnus’ tribe consecrate, dedicate, devote cut, reap, carve; operate, divide sit; hold court seven speech, conversation; talk, report, rumor save, guard, keep same as sive Sibyl, prophetess at the same time, simultaneously without allow, permit bay; fold; bosom whether; or if ground, base, foundation loosen, relax; release, unfurl; dispel, dismiss resound, make a noise; speak, express hope, look for, expect foam, froth spread out; overthrow, level, flatten make a harsh noise, hiss proud, arrogant, insolent bull; bullock cover, cover over, hide; shelter; dissemble, keep secret storm, tempest; disturbance; multitude try, attempt; tempt three times, thrice frighten, terrify inner room, chamber; marriage bed twist, bend, turn sofa, couch, bed draw, drag; lead, bring; sweep along; spend, prolong tremble, shake, quake sad, sorrowful, dejected; dismal, gloomy Trojan safe, secure womb; belly be well, be strong; say goodbye various, variegated; changing, variable; fickle unoccupied; vast, immense, huge or, or indeed; certainly just as, even as, like step, footprint, track; trace, mark, vestige 62 vestis vetus vinculum virgo virtus vita vos clothing, attire, garments old, aged chain, rope, fetter; bond young woman, virgin strength, courage, excellence; character, virtue life you
