A.P. US Mods 6/7/8 Artem Kholodenko 0109 Notes for pgs. 997 – 1003 Introduction - The New Frontier, 1960-1963 - The Election of 1960 - “To Get America Moving Again” Kennedy’s Domestic Record - John K. Galbraith - Rachel Carson - Clean Air Act of 1963 - Kennedy and Civil Rights - Massive resistance to integration was present in 1960 In N.C. Agricultural and Technical (A&T) College blacks faces discrimination Black students couldn’t vote, eat w/whites On 2/1/60, 4 black males walked in cafeteria and sat down and wouldn’t move until served 20 students joined them the next day in protest, day after, 60 sat; 6 months later blacks were allowed to sit Sit-ins became a popular form of protest Kennedy got appeal from wealth and good looks His father, Joe P. Kennedy made a fortune in business and wanted his kids to be politically active JFK won election to House of Rep. in ‘46 He won in senate in ’52 & 6 years later too JFK became president in ’60, youngest & 1st catholic Kennedy ran against Nixon, who had more appeal with middle-aged folks who wanted stability and Ike era JFK was benefiting from the U-2 incident & current recession; The election was close, 49.7 – 49.5% JFK started a new generation, with new young politicians in his cabinet JFK frequently appeared on TV, getting USA appeal JFK couldn’t enact some reform measures due to the strong (R) presence in the congress He made economic growth his domestic priority; persuaded congress in ’61 to boost defense budget 20% The Special Forces “Green Berets” were established He proposed lower income tax through investment credits & allowances JFK enforced wage-and-price restraints for inflation low U.S. Steel jacked prices up by $6, and forced a threat of antitrust suits He rejected ’63 proposals of expanding social programs When his life ended, JFK had enforced the longest economic prosperity of USA, but critics said that corp. incomes rose 5x that of personal He argued that the air and water were too polluted and began the environmental movement Writer of Silent Spring, which discussed the hazards of pesticides, especially DDT The act regulated car & industrial emissions and dumping waste (added in ’66) When mentioning new tasks, JFK didn’t mention racism He feared the racial issue would split the (D) party He worked around the problem instead of solving it In spring of ’61 the Congress of racial Equality (’42) an interracial protest group organized a freedom ride in the deep south to dramatize the ’60 Supreme court James Meredith - The African-American Revolution - - - desegregation decision The KKK beat the riders in Anniston, AL and burned their bus JFK only dispatched marshals after a vicious attack in Montgomery Force was again used when fed. court let James Meredith, a WWII air-force vet go to Uni. Of Miss. And white rioted against it Fed. troops restored order to rioting students & parents The climax came in Birmingham, AL, where Martin Luther King, Jr. initiated a series of marches, sit-ins, and prayer Arrests increased and the city police comm. said that soon Jr. would run out of blacks Electric prods & high pressure hoses were used to control the people Increase in white support to equality forced JFK to completely end segregation in stores and upgrading black workers When in June ’63 Gov. Wallace of AL didn’t allow 2 black students to enter U. of AL, JFK forced his by court to order desegregation On June 18, JFK proposed an extensive civil rights measure Some 250,000 Americans went to the Capitol on Aug. 28 to persuade congress to enact the measure, but the racism was too strong and the measure didn’t pass