Name:
Date:
Biology 12: Cell Structure and Function
Text: Chapter 4
Vocabulary:
cell membrane, cell wall, cellular respiration, chloroplast, chromatin, chromosome, cristae, cytoplasm,
cytoskeleton, Golgi bodies, lysosome, matrix, mitochondria, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolus, nucleus,
organelle, polysome, ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, vesicle
Goals:
1. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of cell structures.
a) Describe the following cell structures and functions:
-Cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm,
Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria (cristae and matrix),
nucleus (nuclear pore, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope,
chromosomes), ribosomes (polysomes), smooth and rough
endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, vesicles
b) State the balanced chemical equations for cellular respiration
c) Describe how the following organelles function to
compartmentalize the cell and move materials through it:
-Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, golgi bodies,
cell membrane
d) Identify cell structures depicted in diagrams and electron micrographs
*Refer to the following website for overviews of the topics listed above:
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/index
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 1
Every living thing is made of cells.
-This unit we are moving up in the levels
of cellular organization to see how the
chemicals you studied in biochemistry
work within the cell.
-Examine a plant (moss or onion)
and animal (human cheek cell) slide under
high power.
*You will need to use Methyl Blue stain
for your cheek cells only.
a) What parts of the cell do you remember
from previous science classes?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
b) How are plant and animal cells
different from each other?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
-Electron micrographs are used to see the components of cells in greater detail.
More images can be found at: http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 2
By studying many electron micrographs, we are able to see that a typical animal cell contains
many small structures that are collectively called ___________________________________.
Many of these organelles are bounded by ____________________, which separate the contents
of the organelles from other parts of the cell.
3.
Use your text to label the following diagram of a typical animal cell, and underline all
organelles that are bounded by membranes. View the BioFlix on Animal Cells:
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 3
4.
Use your text to label the following diagram of a typical plant cell, underlining all organelles
that are bounded by a membrane. View the BioFlix on Plant Cells:
5.
List structures found in plant cells that are not found in animal cells:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 4
6.
The entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is called the
________________________________________________.
The Nucleus
7.
What are the main functions of the nucleus?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8.
What is the function of the nucleolus?
____________________________________________________________________________
9.
Be able to identify each of the following components of the nucleus: chromatin, nuclear
envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus
10.
What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
11.
What enters the nucleus through the nuclear pores? __________________________
What exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores? ___________________________
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 5
12.
How many membranes make up the nuclear envelope? ____________
At some points, it can be seen that the nuclear envelope is joined to the
______________________________________________________.
13.
What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?
___________________________________________________________________________
How do attached ribosomes differ from free ribosomes?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Why are some ribosomes attached and some ribosomes free?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What are polysomes (polyribosome)?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Label this diagram
of a polysome:
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 6
The Endomembrane System
14.
What is the endomembrane system and what are its main components?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Other than social skills, what is the main difference between smooth and rough ER? (HA! I’m
hilarious…)
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Describe three main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
(Sec 4.9 p 60)
1. _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
15.
What are two main functions of the rough ER?
1. __________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 7
Use your text and activity 4.13 to describe the steps shown in the following diagram of the
synthesis of a secretory protein:
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What is the role of the transport vesicle in this process? _______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Name two different secretory proteins that would be manufactured in this manner:
____________________________________________________________________________
16.
What are some functions of the Golgi apparatus.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 8
How does the Golgi apparatus work with the endoplasmic reticulum? ____________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
What is the role of the transport vesicle? ___________________________________________
17.
What is a lysosome ?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
List some functions of the lysosome:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Label this diagram illustrating the formation of a food vacuole and the digestion of its contents by a
lysosome:
Name one type of cell in your body that would contain lots of lysosomes. Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 9
Label this diagram illustrating the use of lysosomes to digest damaged organelles:
What is a vacuole?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What is the function of the central vacuole of a plant cell?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
You can see the contractile vacuole of a Paramecium
at this website:
Paramacium Vacuole Paramecium Exploding!
How is the contractile vacuole of a
Paramecium important to its survival?
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 10
Summary: The endomembrane system is an interconnected system of membranes that works together
in synthesis, transport, storage and secretion. Label the following diagram to illustrate the various parts
of the endomembrane system:
View The Inner Life of the Cell from Harvard University on youtube.
Energy Converting Organelles
See Sec 4.14 and 4.15
Activity: Build a Chloroplast and a Mitochondrion (4.13)
How are mitochondria and chloroplasts linked together? Express this in a formula.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
1. Mitochondria
-Mitochondrial matrix contains ____________,
______________ and __________________ to catalyze
cellular respiration.
-Inner membrane contains embedded proteins that function
in ________ __________________
-Glucose hydrolysis begins outside of the mitochondria in
the cell’s cytoplasm, with cellular respiration being
completed inside the mitochondrial matrix.
During cellular respiration, mitochondria produce molecules
of _______________, which are used in the cell as an energy
molecule for cell work.
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 11
-What is an advantage of having a highly folded Inner Membrane?
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
___________________________________________
_________________________________________
*View Powering the Cell: Mitochondria
2. Chloroplast
-Define the following terms using your text:
a) Stroma: ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
b) Thylakoids: ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
c) Granum: ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________ In living systems, matter moves in \
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 12
The Cytoskeleton (Sec 4.17)
-The cell cytoplasm is a very busy place. Is it
random chance that the vesicles released from
the Golgi Apparatus navigate the many other
organelles, enzymes and proteins to reach the
cell membrane?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
List the three types of cytoskeleton fibres:
__________________________________________________________________________________
Which of the cytoskeleton fibres are the thinnest? __________________________________
thickest? ___________________________________
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 13
Microfilaments: _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Intermediate filaments: _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Microtubules: ______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Cilia and flagella are both cellular projections that can move because they
contain ________________________________.
Which molecule provides the energy for the cilia and flagella to move?
____________________
Activity: Cilia and Flagella (4.18)
List some places in the human body where cilia are found:
________________________________________
______________________________________________
What is the only cell in human body that has a flagellum? ___________________________________
This diagram shows
the common structure
of both the cilium and
the flagellum:
Biology 12: Cell structure and function
Page 14