Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen
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 Scientific models reduce things to their essentials
 Establish a basis for understanding how things work
 Predict how they will behave
 Influence them to behave in ways we want
 Sir Isaac Newton’s “model” explained the workings of physical forces in the universe and laid the basis for modern physics
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Equilibrium and the Conservation of Energy
 Newton’s theory (and biomechanics) rests on two assumptions:
 Equilibrium

Newton’s First Law
 More than one force acts on a body, but no change in velocity results
 Conservation of energy
 Newton’s Third Law
 Energy can never be created or destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another
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Isaac Newton ’ s “ Model Universe ”
 Three Laws of Motion
 The Law of Inertia
 Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it
 The Law of Acceleration
 A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the body’s mass
 The Law of Reaction
 For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
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 Linear (or translational) motion
 Movement in a particular direction
 Force generated by the athlete’s muscles and the resulting motion is in a straight line
 Rotational motion
 Movement about an axis
 Force does not act through the centre of mass, but rather is “offcentre,” and this results in rotation
Rotational motion
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 Every moveable bone in the human body is part of a lever system that facilitates movement
 Three classes of levers
 Class I lever (e.g. teeter-totter)
 Class II lever (e.g. wheelbarrow)
 Class III lever (e.g. snow shovelling)
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 Class I lever (e.g. teeter-totter)
 The fulcrum (axis) is located between the force (effort) and the resistance load
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 Class II lever (e.g. wheelbarrow)
 The resistance is between the force and the fulcrum
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 Class III lever (e.g. shovelling)
 The force is between the fulcrum and the resistance
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

 The seven principles of biomechanics
 Allows you to gain insight into movement dynamics
 The Coaching Association of Canada’s National Coaching
Certification Program (NCCP) Level 2 Theory course sets forward these seven principles grouped into four broad categories:
 Stability
 Maximum effort
 Linear motion
 Angular motion
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 Principle 1:
 The lower the centre of mass, the larger the base of support, the closer the centre of mass to the base of support, and the greater the mass, the more stability increases
 Principle 1 has four subcomponents:
 The height of the centre of mass
 The line of gravity
 The base of support
 Mass
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 Principle 2:
 The production of maximum force requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the task’s objective
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 Principle 3:
 The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from largest to smallest
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 Principle 4:
 The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity
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 Principle 5:
 Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force
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 Principle 6:
 Angular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from an axis, that is, by torque
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 Principle 7:
 Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air
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 Performance improvement
 Coaches and athletes focused on “performance improvement” within the aspects of technique and sport training
 Injury prevention and rehabilitation
 High level of interest in biomechanics from sports medicine specialists, trainers, and injured athletes in relation to “injury prevention and rehabilitation”
 Fitness and personal training
 Biomechanical analysis can be applied both to exercise and to equipment
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 Progressive resistance training to improve muscular endurance, size, and tensile strength of both muscle and connective tissue can be integrated into the off- and pre-season schedule
 Specific design of aerobic and muscular warm-up tailored to the activities planned for the workout will bring more injury prevention value to the session
 All key muscles to be used must be stretched
 Muscle imbalance needs to be addressed
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
 Biomechanical analysis begins by examining the method of execution of an exercise; such analyses enable one to give advice concerning:
 The position of joints to isolate specific muscles
 How to align the movement to the muscle
 How to combine muscles for optimal results
 The optimal speed for the objective
 The best starting position and range of motion for an exercise
 How to modify the leverage to gain a greater strength output
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material.
This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.