Cell structure
Cell structure
What do all cells have in common?
What do all cells have in common?
Same chemical makeup
Proteins (made up of amino acids; many are enzymes)
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
Cell membrane
Lipids (fatty or oily molecules)
Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
Genetic material (DNA)
Starch
Cytoplasm
Protein
Ribosomes
DNA
Lipid
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Double layer of phospholipids
Double layer of phospholipids
Phospholipid has a hydrophilic (“water-loving”) head and a
hydrophobic (“water-fearing”) tail
hydrophilic
“head”
hydrophobic
“tail”
Hydrophobic inside, hydrophilic outside
Proteins
Transport
Cell recognition
Communication
phospholipid
In water, phospholipids try to arrange themselves to keep their tails
away from the water
Two basic cell types
Two basic cell types
Prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes)
Eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes)
Bacteria and Archaea
Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Characteristics:
Characteristics:
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
DNA (not separated from cytoplasm)
DNA within nucleus (separated by membrane)
Cell wall
Internal organelles with their own membranes
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Animal Cell Structure
Animal Cell Structure
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum and
Golgi apparatus
Houses DNA
Surrounded by nuclear envelope
Chromatin: unspooled DNA when cell is not dividing
Networks of membranesurrounded sacs
ER
Folding and processing of
secreted proteins
Synthesis of membrane
components
Golgi
Vesicles transport proteins
Animal Cell Structure
Animal Cell Structure
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Made of proteins and RNA (no membrane)
Assemble proteins (using instructions from genes)
Convert food molecules (such as sugars and fats) to usable
energy (ATP)
Free in cytoplasm or attached to ER
Contain own genetic material
Originated as symbiotic bacteria
Passed from mother to child
Animal Cell Structure
Animal Cell Structure
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton
Sacs of digestive enzymes
Network of protein filaments
Breakdown ingested materials or worn-out components
Involved in:
Cell division
Shape
Movement
Attachment
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