Beyond the Marble Cake
C
Current
trends
d iin A
American
i F
Federalism
d li
Dr. Lisa Macha Saye
Professor of Public Administration
The University of LaVerne
h
f
LaVerne, California USA
lsaye@laverne.edu
Governmental
System
Morton Grodzins (1966)
Resembles Marble Cake
Arnold Brecht (1945)
F d li
Federalism
iis ….planned
l
d
Beyond the Marble Cake
Beyond the Marble Cake
U.S. Federalism
Characteristics:
The U
U.S.
S Constitution
…..mechanism for federalism
•1789
•Article
t c e V: Amending
e d g Powers
o es
•Inclusive; 13, 14, 15, 19th Amendments
U.S.
U S Federalism
……in the beginning
•Constitution is ‘the
guts’
•Constitution: Founders
‘tradeoffs’
tradeoffs and ‘bargains’
bargains with
States
•Debt
•Foreign Holdings
U.S. Federalism
………next slide ☺
National Debt and Foreign Holdings
•In 1792; 35% of GDP (Panic of March 1792)
•Foreign Holdings; 50% of $70 million
•National Debt; 23% GDP from 1792-1800
…in the beginning the Military Expenditure
was the largest budget item
National Debt
1860 – New Deal (1930s)
Concurrent Events
•State and Federal Government Financing
of Tech/Infrastructure
World
o ld of Movement
ovement ((1986-1895)
986 895)
•Country Mortgaged To Railways (Adams…)
(Adams )
National Debt
1860 – New Deal (1930s)
• Paid off 1840
• Less than 1%
(1835--1842 and 1855
(1835
1855--1857)
• Less than 1% GDP
(Last few years of 1800)
• Between 77-10 %; 20th Cent
• After WWI; 2020-34% GDP
1930’s
1930 s
• Social
Security Act 1935
• Established Minimum Wage
•Creation of National Labor Relations Board
1931
• Last
L t time
ti
the
th U.S.
U S National
N ti
l Debt
D bt was 20% off GDP
Federalism Characteristics
…..Post WWII
• National
Debt; 100% GDP 19471947-1949
• Marble Cake Changes
Changes….
….federalism
federalism-by
federalismby--proxy
•1950
1950’s;
s; Grants to States
•1960’s; Medicaid, Medical Care Increased
Federalism-by
Federalismby--Proxy
cont.
t
•1960’s
1960’ (100 Grant Auth)
•1970’s ((400 Grant Auth))
•1970’s (IGR)
S b t t /l
Sub-state/local
l Levels
L
l
Redefine: U.S. Federalism Characteristics
•1960’s-70’s - Increase in Entitlements
•1970’s – Nixon (Revenue Sharing with States);
SSI, Increase in Food Stamps to States
•1980’s – PPPs (California-White House)
‘Devolution
Devolution Campaign’
Campaign - Nixon repealed
•1990’s - Increase use of Outside Contractors
by States
Redefine: U.S. Federalism Characteristics
cont.
U.S.
U S Federalism in the 21st Century
2000
Population Shifts
Improved Economies
Terrorist Attacks Sept 11, 2001
2001 and Beyond
y
•Return to large Military Expenditures
•Return to Large National Debt
•Return to Large Foreign Holdings
And so
We’re
so….We
re Back Where We Began
The Commencement
..begins Beyond the Marble
M
Cake
Beyond
y the Marble Cake
…..Constitution has always
…..Constitution
been part of the Solution
Must Remember:
•Constitution is Planned and Evolutionary
•Popular Changes = 27 Amendments
•Constitution is COLLECTIVELY OWNED
Beyond the Marble Cake
The Constitution belongs to everyone who
y
who salutes, everyone
y
who
votes, everyone
prays, and for those who do none of these the
Constitution in its evolutionary magnificence
makes them free not have to.
Dr. Lisa Saye