Psychology 101
Representative questions from Chapter 5
13. In classical conditioning, organisms learn because of the
contingency between
*a. CS and US
c. CS and CR
b. response and reinforcer
d. US and UR
14. In operant conditioning, organisms learn because of the
contingency between
a. CS and US
c. CS and CR
*b. response and reinforcer
d. US and UR
15. Kamin's research on the blocking effect showed that
*a. prior conditioning to stimulus A will interfere with
conditioning to stimulus B when stimulus A remains present.
b. the degree of correlation between CS and US, not just the
contiguity, determines conditioning.
c. organisms do not learn if they experience random events over
which they have not control.
d. organisms condition better to some stimuli than others.
16. Rescorla's research on contiguity vs. predictability showed
that
a. prior conditioning to stimulus A will interfere with
conditioning to stimulus B when stimulus A remains present.
*b. the degree of correlation between CS and US, not just the
contiguity, determines conditioning.
c. organisms will not be able to learn if they have earlier
experienced random events over which they have no control.
d. organisms condition better to some stimuli than others.
17. Maier and Seligman's research on "learned helplessness"
showed that
a. prior conditioning to stimulus A will interfere with
conditioning to stimulus B when stimulus A remains present.
b. the degree of correlation between CS and US, not just the
contiguity, determines conditioning.
*c. organisms will not be able to learn if they have earlier
experienced random events over which they have no control.
d. organisms condition better to some stimuli than others.
18. Garcia and Koelling's research on taste aversions showed
that
a. prior conditioning to stimulus A will interfere with
conditioning to stimulus B when stimulus A remains present.
b. the degree of correlation between CS and US, not just the
contiguity, determines conditioning.
c. organisms will not be able to learn if they have earlier
experienced random events over which they have no control.
*d. organisms condition better to some stimuli than others.
19.
Avoidance conditioning is an example of
a. positive reinforcement
*b. negative reinforcement
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment
20. A response that increases in frequency because it produces a
given consequence, where the consequence involves the increase in
something in the environment, illustrates
*a. positive reinforcement
c. positive punishment
b. negative reinforcement
d. negative punishment
21. A response that decreases in frequency because it produces a
given consequence, where the consequence involves the increase in
something in the environment, illustrates
a. positive reinforcement
*c. positive punishment
b. negative reinforcement
d. negative punishment
22. Assume responses in the presence of stimulus A have been
previously reinforced, and that responses in the presence of
stimulus B have not been reinforced. An organism responds
readily to stimulus A but not stimulus B. This result
illustrates
a. generalization
c. negative feedback
*b. discrimination
d. escape learning
23. Assume responses in the presence of stimulus A have been
previously reinforced and that an organism has never before
encountered stimulus B. An organism now responds in the
presence
of stimulus B because it is similar to stimulus A. This result
illustrates
*a. generalization
c. negative feedback
b. discrimination
d. escape learning
24. Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?
a. food
c. water
b. water
*d. money
25. Which schedule of reinforcement is commonly associated with
gambling devices?
a. FI
c. VI
b. FR
*d. VR
26. The technique of teaching a new operant response by
reinforcing only those variations in responding that deviate in
the direction desired by the experimenter is called __________.
a. scheduling
c. foreshadowing
b. biasing
*d. shaping
27.
In an operant conditioning procedure, suppose a rat's lever
presses produce food when a 1000 hz tone is present, but not when
a 100 hz tone is present. The rat presses the lever reliably during
the 1000 hz tone, but not during the 100 hz tone. The 1000 hz
tone is called a(n)
a. discriminative stimulus
c. conditioned
stimulus
b.
operant response
d.
aversive stimulus
28. In a __________ schedule of reinforcement, the reinforcer is
delivered for the first response after the passage of a regular,
consistent period of time.
*a. FI
c. VI
b. FR
d. VR