Chapter 23: The Age of Nation-States
Italian Unification
Carbonari
Giusseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
Young Italy
Roman Republic
Pope Pius IX (r. 1846-1878)
The Syllabus of Errors (1864)
Charles Albert (r. 1831-1849)
Victor Emmanuel II (r. 1849-1878)
Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861)
Il Risorgimento
The Plombières Agreement (July 20, 1858)
Battle of Magenta (June 4, 1859)
Battle of Solferino (June 24, 1859)
Truce of Villafranca (July 11, 1859)
Treaty of Zurich (November 10, 1859)
Francis II (r. 1859-1860) [ruler of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
“Red Shirts”
Battle of Castelfidardo (September 18, 1860)
Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (March 17, 1861)
Austro-Prussian War (1866)—Venetia added
Franco-Prussian War (1870)—Papal States added
German Unification
Zollverein
Frederick-William IV (r. 1840-1861)
William I (r. 1861-1888)
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
Albrecht von Roon (1803-1879)
Helmuth von Moltke (1800-1891)
The Polish Revolt of 1863
Schleswig and Holstein
The Danish War (1864)
Treaty of Vienna (October 30, 1864)
Convention of Gastein (August 14, 1865)
The Seven Weeks’ War (1866) [also known as “The Austro-Prussian War” or
“The German Civil War”]
Battle of Königgrätz [or Sadowa] (July 4, 1866)
Treaty of Prague (August 23, 1866)
The North German Confederation
Bundesrat
Reichstag
The Ems Dispatch (July 13, 1870)
The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Battle of Sedan (September 2, 1870)
Siege of Paris (late September to January 28, 1871)
Proclamation of the German Empire (January 18, 1871)
Treaty of Frankfurt (May 10, 1871)
France: The Third Republic
Napoleon III (r. 1852-1870)
The Ems Dispatch (July 13, 1870)
The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Battle of Sedan (September 2, 1870)
Siege of Paris (late September to January 28, 1871)
Treaty of Frankfurt (May 10, 1871)
Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877)
The Paris Commune (March 28-May 21, 1871)
Constitution of 1875
Georges Boulanger (1831-1891)
The Boulanger Crisis
The Panama Scandal
Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935)
The Dreyfus Affair
Habsburg Empire: Dual Monarchy and Domestic Unrest
Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916)
October Diploma (1860)
February Patent (1861)
Reichsrat
The Danish War (1864)
Treaty of Vienna (October 30, 1864)
The Seven Weeks’ War (1866) [also known as “The Austro-Prussian War” or
“The German Civil War”]
Battle of Königgrätz [or Sadowa] (July 4, 1866)
Treaty of Prague (August 23, 1866)
The North German Confederation
Ausgleich (1867)
The Dual Monarchy
(Nationalities within the Habsburg Empire)
Germans
Hungarians (Magyars)
Croats
Czechs
Italians
Poles
Serbs
Slovaks
Romanians
Slovenes
Ukrainians
Russia: Relatively Raucous Rumblings Representing Revolution
Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855)
Alexander II (r. 1855-1881)
Abolition of Serfdom (February 19, 1861)
Mir
Zemstvo System
The Polish Revolt (1863)
Alexander Herzen (1812-1870)
Narodnichestvo (populism)
Land and Freedom (founded 1876—split 1879)
Total Land Partition (founded 1879)
Will of the People (founded 1879)
Alexander III (r. 1881-1894)
Great Britain: Toward Democracy
William Gladstone (1809-1898)
Liberal Party
Reform Bill of 1867
The Irish Land Act of 1870
The Education Act of 1870
The Civil Services Reform of 1870
The Ballot Act of 1872
Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
Conservative Party
The Public Health Act of 1875
The Artisans’ Dwelling Act of 1875