Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 1 CELLS AND KINGDOMS
Lesson 1 Cells
Read a Photo: Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
The frog is multicellular (as is the inset photo of frog cells). (p. 3)
Read a Diagram: Plant Cell
chloroplast, cell wall (p. 6)
Quick Check
1. cell (p. 3)
2. another cell (p. 3)
3. unicellular (p. 3)
4. multicellular (p.3)
5. Possible answers: controls what enters and leaves cell; protects the cell;
gives the cell shape (p. 5)
6. supports cell parts (p. 5)
7. controls cell’s actions (p. 5)
8. break down food and release energy for the cell to use (p. 5)
9. b
10. c
11. a
Lesson 2 Classifying Life
Read a Chart: Classification of Horses
Kingdom (p. 9)
Read a Graph: Number of Animal Species
Arthropods (p. 11)
Quick Check
12. phylum (p. 9)
13. class (p. 9)
14. species (p. 9)
15. Possible answers: humans, cats, dogs, mice, snakes (p. 11)
16. Possible answers: clams, snails, sea stars (p. 11)
17. Possible answer: plants: cell wall (p. 13)
18. Possible answer: plants: make food (p. 13)
19. Possible answer: fungi: cell wall (p. 13)
20. Possible answer: fungi: must get food from other organisms (p. 13)
21. Bacteria can cause disease. (p. 14)
22. Bacteria help break down food that we eat. (p. 14)
23. virus (p. 15)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 Plants
Read a Diagram: Soft and Woody Stems
xylem (p. 19)
Read a Diagram: Transport in Plants
the roots (p. 21)
Quick Check
24. Students should check all. (p. 17)
25. Students should check gymnosperms and angiosperms only. (p. 17)
26. Students should check seedless only. (p. 17)
27. Students should check angiosperms only. (p. 17)
28. grows deep in ground (p. 18)
29. doesn’t touch the ground (p. 18)
30. woody (p. 19)
31. soft (p. 19)
32. sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide (p. 21)
33. They eat plants and get the energy that is stored in the plants. (p. 23)
Lesson 4 Classifying Animals
Read a Photo: Arthropods
ladybug (the photo on the right) (p. 27)
Read a Photo: Birds and Reptiles
The bird uses wings to move. The reptile uses legs. (p. 29)
Quick Check
34. Possible answers: worms, cnidarians, sponges (or porifera) (p. 25)
35. Possible answers: any snail, clam, or squid (p. 27)
36. Possible answers: sea stars, sea cucumbers (p. 27)
37. Possible answers: any insect, spider, or crab (p. 27)
38. keep warm (p. 29)
39. feathers (p. 29)
40. Possible answers: duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater (p. 31)
41. Possible answers: koala, kangaroo (p. 31)
42. Possible answers: tiger, giraffe, human, dog, elephant, whale (p. 31)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 5 Animal Systems
Read a Diagram: Digestive and Excretory Systems
Esophagus (p. 33)
Read a Diagram: Circulation and Respiration
in the lungs/alveoli (p. 35)
Quick Check
43. protects organs (p. 32)
44. supports the body (p. 32)
45. b
46. a
47. F
48. T
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 1: Vocabulary Review
1. species (p. 38)
2. unicellular (p. 38)
3. organism (p. 38)
4. angiosperm (p. 38)
5. multicellular (p. 38)
6. nonvascular (p. 38)
7. cell (p. 38)
8. xylem (p. 38)
9. organ (p. 38)
10. d (p. 38)
11. b (p. 38)
12. c (p. 38)
13. a (p. 38)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
tissue (p. 39)
chlorophyll (p. 39)
organism (p. 39)
vascular (p. 39)
cell (p. 39)
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Summarize
All living things are made of cells. They can be classified into six kingdoms.
Plants make their own food through photosynthesis. Animals can be classified
based on form, structure, and behavior. In some animals, body systems work
together to allow the body to move, get energy, and respond to the world.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 2 PARENTS AND OFFSPRING
Lesson 1 Reproduction
Read a Photo: Strawberry Reproduction
The new plant is attached by a runner. (p. 44)
Read a Photo: Variation
Their coloring is not identical to either one of their parents’. (p. 45)
Quick Check
1. sexual (p. 43)
2. asexual (p. 43)
3. splitting, budding, vegetative propagation (p. 44)
4. It allows for differences in species. (p. 45)
Lesson 2 Plant Life Cycles
Read a Diagram: Fern Life Cycle
a new fern plant (p. 47)
Read a Chart: Types of Flowers
perfect/incomplete flower (p. 49)
Quick Check
5. Spores are carried by the wind. (p. 46)
6. spores (p. 47)
7. asexual reproduction (p. 47)
8. stamen; pistil (p. 49)
9. bees and other animals, wind (p. 51)
10. embryo, cotyledon, seed coat (p. 52)
11. monocot (p. 53)
12. dicot (p. 53)
13. dicot (p. 53)
14. pine tree (p. 55)
15. angiosperm (p. 55)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 Animal Life Cycles
Read a Diagram: Complete and Incomplete Metamorphosis
complete metamorphosis (p. 57)
Read a Photo: Comparing Eggs
frog eggs (p. 59)
Quick Check
16. egg, larva, pupa, adult (p. 57)
17. internal (p. 58)
18. external (p. 58)
19. A reptile embryo gets food from the yolk. (p. 59)
Lesson 4 Traits and Heredity
Read a Diagram: Pea Crossing
Any flower with a capital P will have purple flowers (because P is dominant).
(p. 62)
Read a Chart: Pedigree Chart
Both sons show the dominate trait. (p. 63)
Quick Check
20. instinct (p. 61)
21. inherited (p. 61)
22. chromosomes (p. 62)
22. lowercase (p. 62)
24. to learn about heredity patterns (p. 63)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 2: Vocabulary Review
1. b (p. 64)
2. a (p. 64)
3. c (p. 64)
4. d (p. 64)
5. a (p. 64)
6. c (p. 64)
Page 65
Across
4. larva (p. 65)
5. gene (p. 65)
6. instinct (p. 65)
8. embryo (p. 65)
Down
1. pupa (p. 65)
2. pollen (p. 65)
3. heredity (p. 65)
7. nymph (p. 65)
Summarize
All living things come from other living things. The life cycles of plants and
animals involve different stages of development. Plants and animals have a
number of ways to reproduce and to make sure that their offspring survive.
Traits are passed from parents to offspring. Traits control how organisms look
and how they act.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 3 INTERACTIONS IN ECOSYSTEMS
Lesson 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Read a Photo: Forest Ecosystem
Nonliving things include water, rocks, soil, sunlight, and air. (p. 69)
Read a Diagram: Forest and Salt Marsh Food Web
mouse, bird, fish (p. 72)
Quick Check
1. biotic factors (p. 69)
2. abiotic factors (p. 69)
3. population (p. 69)
4. b (p. 71)
5. c (p. 71)
6. a (p. 71)
7. F (p. 73)
8. T (p. 73)
9. plants (p. 74)
10. In order, top to bottom: 3, 1, 4, 2, 5 (p. 75)
Lesson 2 Relationships in Ecosystems
Read a Photo: Hawaiian Honeycreepers
The akiapolaau has a sharp curved beak to pick insects out of bark.
The apapane has a long, thin beak to sip nectar from flowers. (p. 79)
Read a Photo: Ray and Remoras
Possible answers: The ray is giving them a ride, protecting them from
predators, and letting them eat scraps of food the ray hunts. (p. 80)
Quick Check
11. Possible answers: food, water, space, rainfall, temperature, soil type,
shelter (p. 77)
12. competition (p. 79)
13. niche (p. 79)
14. ants and acacia (p. 80)
15. ray and remoras (p. 80)
16. parasites; harm (p. 81)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 Adaptation and Survival
Read a Diagram: Orchid Adaptations
They absorb water from the air. (p. 84)
Read a Photo: Snake Mimicry
They are the same colors. They both have stripes. (p. 87)
Quick Check
17. webbed feet (p. 83)
18. waxy outer covering (p. 83)
19. orchid (p. 85)
20. milkweed (p. 85)
21. water lily (p. 85)
22. oak tree (p. 85)
23. Many desert animals are active at night because temperatures are much
cooler at night than during the day. (p. 86)
24. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Pipefish resemble sea grass in its
environment. (p. 86)
25. monarch butterfly (p. 87)
26. coral snake (p. 87)
27. worm (p. 87)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 3: Vocabulary Review
1. ecosystem (p. 88)
2. symbiosis (p. 88)
3. food chain (p. 88)
4. adaptation (p. 88)
5. population (p. 88)
6. community (p. 88)
7. camouflage (p. 88)
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4.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
e (p. 89)
f (p. 89)
c (p. 89)
a (p. 89)
b (p. 89)
d (p. 89)
parasitism (p. 89)
energy pyramid (p. 89)
mimicry (p. 89)
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Summarize
An ecosystem is all the living and nonliving things in an environment. Energy
flows in an ecosystem through food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids.
Organisms in an ecosystem compete for food, space, and other resources.
Organisms have adaptations that help them survive in their environments.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 4 ECOSYSTEMS AND BIOMES
Lesson 1 Cycles in Ecosystems
Read a Diagram: Water Cycle
evaporation, transpiration (p. 93)
Read a Diagram: Carbon Cycle
People in the house will burn the oil for heat or power. (p. 95)
Quick Check
1. condensation (p. 93)
2. precipitation (p. 93)
3. T (p. 95)
4. F (p. 95)
5. T (p. 95)
6. compost (p. 97)
7. renewable resources (p. 97)
8. nitrogen (p. 97)
9. nonrenewable resources (p. 97)
Lesson 2 Changes in Ecosystems
Read a Photo: Beaver Dams
Possible answer: Its dam will create new habitats and food supplies for other
animals. (p. 99)
Read a Diagram: Stages of Primary Succession
pioneer community, intermediate community, climax community (p. 103)
Quick Check
10. Possible answer: The reef becomes a new habitat for other organisms.
(p. 99)
11. Possible answer: New habitats are formed. (p. 99)
12. extinct (p. 101)
13. endangered (p. 101)
14. In order, top to bottom: 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 (p. 103)
15. secondary (p. 105)
16. weeds (p. 105)
17. hardwood (p. 105)
18. climax (p. 105)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 Biomes
Read a Map: Global Biomes
South America (p. 106)
Read a Photo: Rain Forests
Possible answers: The tropical rainforest has a waterfall and trees full of
leaves. The temperate rain forest has more open space, trees with fewer
branches, and more plants growing right on other plants. (p. 110)
Quick Check
19. habitats (p. 107)
20. biomes (p. 107)
21. rainfall (p. 107)
22. cold (p. 107)
23. tundra (p. 109)
24. taiga (p. 109)
25. tundra (p. 109)
26. tundra (p. 109)
27. The trees lose their leaves during cool weather. (p. 110)
28. Possible answers: corn, wheat, oats (p. 111)
29. Possible answers: bison, grasshoppers, crickets, butterflies, toads, worms,
insects, mice, prairie dogs, snakes, birds (p. 111)
Lesson 4 Water Ecosystems
Read a Diagram: Freshwater Zones
open water, shallow water, bottom (p. 115)
Read a Diagram: Ocean Zones
the intertidal zone (p. 116)
Quick Check
30. plankton: diatoms, animal larvae (p. 113)
31. nekton: turtles, fish, whales (p. 113)
32. benthos: oysters, worms, lobsters (p. 113)
33. F (p. 115)
34. T (p. 115)
35. intertidal zone (116)
36. Possible answers: They protect coastal places by soaking up water during
storms. The roots and stems of marsh plants trap pollution and keep the ocean
clean. Estuaries provide homes to many types of animals. Many ocean
organisms use estuaries as breeding grounds. (p. 117)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 4: Vocabulary Review
Across
2. pioneer species (p. 118)
6. water cycle (p. 118)
7. biome (p. 118)
Down
1. tundra (p. 118)
2. plankton (p. 118)
3. succession (p. 118)
4. taiga (p. 118)
5. benthos (p. 118)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
c (p. 119)
c (p. 119)
d (p. 119)
a (p. 119)
b (p. 119)
a (p. 119)
d (p. 119)
Summarize
Water, carbon, and nitrogen are cycled through ecosystems. Earth has six major
land biomes, or super-ecosystems: tundra, taiga, desert, rain forest, deciduous
forest, and grassland. Earth’s water ecosystems include bodies of fresh water,
salt water, and mixed water in areas where salt and fresh water bodies meet.
Ecosystems can change naturally over time
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 5 OUR DYNAMIC EARTH
Lesson 1 Earth’s Landforms
Read a Diagram: Ocean Features
continental shelf (p. 124)
Read a Map: Topographical Map of Nunivak Island, Alaska
Seemalik Butte (p. 127)
Quick Check
1. dune (p. 123)
2. estuary (p. 123)
3. c (p. 125)
4. a (p. 125)
5. b (p. 125)
6. elevation (p. 127)
7. topographical (p. 127)
8. relief (p. 127)
9. atmosphere (p. 129)
10. hydrosphere (p. 129)
11. crust (p. 129)
12. core (p. 129)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 2 Plate Tectonics
Read a Diagram: Theory of Continental Drift
The space has grown larger. There is more water between the two continents.
(p. 131)
Read a Diagram: Spread of the Ocean Floor
The magma is the yellow material in the middle. It is pushing the plates apart.
(p. 133)
Quick Check
13. T (p. 131)
14. F (p. 131)
15. T (p. 131)
16. T (p. 131)
17. The continents move apart. (p. 133)
18. It builds up equally on both sides of the opening on the ocean floor.
(p. 133)
19. folded mountain: Compression forces the ground upward. (p. 135)
20. both: Both form when plates move. Both are mountains. (p. 135)
21. fault-block mountain: Shear moves one side of a fault up and the other side
down. (p. 135)
Lesson 3 Volcanoes
Read a Diagram: A Volcano
Vents (p. 136)
Read a Diagram: How the Hawaiian Islands Formed
Hawaii (p.139)
Quick Check
22. from top to bottom: 4, 2, 5, 3, 1 (p. 137)
23. Volcanoes erupt differently. Also the kinds of materials they give off affect
their shape. (p. 138)
24. volcanic (p. 139)
25. hot spot (p. 139)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 4 Earthquakes
Read a Map: Earthquake Locations
on the west coast (p. 141)
Read a Photo: Effects of a Tsunami
There is water all around the land. Much of the land is underwater. (p. 145)
Quick Check
26. fault (p. 141)
27. focus (p. 141)
28. energy (p. 141)
29. seismometer (p. 143)
30. P waves (p. 143)
31. S waves (p. 143)
32. Lg waves (p. 143)
33. tsunami (p. 145)
34. T (p. 147)
35. T (p. 147)
36. F (p. 147)
37. T (p. 147)
Lesson 5 Shaping Earth’s Surface
Read a Photo: Forming a Valley
There is water and ice on the sides and bottom. The valley is U-shaped, a
characteristic of change caused by glaciers. (p. 151)
Read a Photo: Floodplain
the photo on the right (p. 154)
Quick Check
38. physical (p. 149)
39. physical (p. 149)
40. chemical (p. 149)
41. physical (p. 149)
42. gravity (p. 151)
43. erosion (p. 151)
44. glacier (p. 151)
45. running water (rivers), waves, wind (p. 153)
45. a barrier island (p. 154)
47. Possible answer: Build a dam to slow the water. (p. 155)
48. Possible answers: Put up a fence, build a barricade, replace the sand.
(p. 155)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 5: Vocabulary Review
1. landform (p. 156)
2. weathering (p. 156)
3. tsunami (p. 156)
4. earthquake (p. 156)
5. deposition (p. 156)
6. volcano (p. 156)
7. epicenter (p. 156)
8. fault (p. 156)
9. crust (p. 156)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
b (p. 157)
d (p. 157)
d (p. 157)
c (p. 157)
b (p. 157)
a (p. 157)
d (p. 157)
a (p. 157)
Summarize
Each layer of Earth has its own features. Earth’s crust is made of plates that
are constantly moving. Volcanoes occur when magma from deep inside Earth
erupts and reaches Earth’s surface. Earthquakes occur when Earth’s plates
suddenly move. Weathering and erosion change the shape of Earth’s surface.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 6 PROTECTING EARTH’S RESOURCES
Lesson 1 Minerals and Rocks
Read a Table: Mohs’ Hardness Scale
talc (p. 161)
Read a Diagram: The Rock Cycle
Pressure and heat turn metamorphic rock into magma, which cools to form
igneous rock. (p. 165)
Quick Check
1. elements (p. 161)
2. luster (p. 161)
3. Possible answers: topaz, mica, amethyst, emerald, diamond (p. 163)
4. c (p. 164)
5. a (p. 164)
6. b (p. 164)
7. T (p. 167)
8. F (p. 167)
9. T (p. 167)
10. T (p. 167)
Lesson 2 Soil
Read a Diagram: Soil Horizons
in the A horizon (the topsoil) (p. 169)
Read a Photo: Conserving Soil
contour plowing (could also be strip farming) (p. 172)
Quick Check
11. c (p. 169)
12. b (p. 169)
13. forest soil; desert soil; grassland soil (p. 171)
14. garbage; chemicals used to kill insects and weeds (p. 171)
15. – 16. Answers may vary but should include two of these examples: add
fertilizer to replace nutrients; plant across a hill, not up and down; plant on
terraces; plant grass between rows of crops; plant tall trees around a farm;
pass laws about pollution; help clean up polluted land; spread the word about
conserving soil. (p. 173)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 Fossils and Energy
Read a Diagram: Law of Superposition
Flint is the oldest; it is the bottom-most layer. Limestone is the youngest; it is
on top. (p. 176)
Read a Photo: Alternative Energy Sources
solar panel (p. 181)
Quick Check
17. remains (p. 175)
18. peat (p. 175)
19. fossil (p. 175)
20. older (p. 177)
21. half-life (p. 177)
22. periods (p. 177)
23. coal; oil; natural gas (p. 179)
24. wind; moving water; sunlight (p. 179)
25. c (p. 181)
26. d (p. 181)
27. c (p. 182)
28. a (p. 182)
29. b (p. 182)
30. Possible answers: using a toaster, riding in a car or bus, using a computer,
listening to an MP3 player, turning on a light, etc. (p. 183)
31. Answers will vary. Accept any answer that describes energy conservation.
(p. 183)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 4 Air and Water
Read a Diagram: Usable Sources of Fresh Water
The water flows through the dam, into the river, and to the ocean. (p. 185)
Read a Graph: Water Use in the United States
thermoelectric power and irrigation (p. 186)
Quick Check
32. river, stream (p. 185)
33. lake, reservoir (p. 185)
34. Possible answers: Farmers use water for their crops; people use water in
their homes for cooking and cleaning; businesses use water in the
manufacturing of goods; power-generation companies use water to generate
electricity. (p. 187)
35. Possible answer: Factories pollute water; storm water run-off from farm
fields and streets carries chemicals to groundwater sources; household
chemicals can pollute water sources. (p. 187)
36. Possible answers: Take shorter showers; don’t leave faucets running; fix
leaking pipes and faucets; wash dishes by hand; use water-efficient appliances;
grow plants that don’t require a lot of water. (p. 189)
37. ozone (p. 190)
38. pollution (p. 190)
39. T (p. 191)
40. F (p. 191)
41. T (p. 191)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 6: Vocabulary Review
Across
6. fossil fuel (p. 192)
7. fossil (p. 192)
Down
1. ozone (p. 192)
2. conservation (p. 192)
3. polluting (p. 192)
4. rock cycle (p. 192)
5. reservoir (p. 192)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
c (p. 193)
e (p. 193)
b (p. 193)
d (p. 193)
a (p. 193)
f (p. 193)
g (p. 193)
Summarize
Rocks and minerals are formed in different ways. They also have different
properties. Soil is a natural resource made of a mixture of nonliving material
and once-living things. Ancient organisms became fossils and fossil fuels. Fossil
fuels are nonrenewable resources. We need to use renewable sources for
energy. Air and water are resources that support life on Earth.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 7 WEATHER PATTERNS
Lesson 1 The Atmosphere and Weather
Read a Diagram: Angles of Sunlight on the First Day of Spring
where the sunlight hits Earth at 180°, or at the poles (p. 196)
Read a Diagram: Air Movement in Sea and Land Breezes
from over the water to the land (p. 204)
Quick Check
1. equator (p. 197)
2. angles (p. 197)
3. shape (p. 197)
4. F (p. 199)
5. T (p. 199)
6. T (p. 199)
7.–10. The order may vary but answers should include: volume, temperature,
height above Earth's surface, amount of water vapor (p. 201)
11. trade winds (p. 203)
12. global wind (p. 203)
13. Coriolis effect (p. 203)
14. Possible answer: as warm air over land rises, cooler air comes in from over
the water to take its place, creating a cool sea breeze (p. 204)
15. Possible answers: barometer, measures air pressure; wind sock, shows wind
direction and indicates strength; anemometer, measures wind speed (p. 205)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 2 Clouds and Precipitation
Read a Diagram: How Precipitation Forms
Water vapor condenses. (p. 209)
Read a Photo: Moving Fronts
One day it is over the middle part of the country. Two days later it is over the
eastern part. (p. 211)
Quick Check
16. Possible answer: A cirrus cloud is very high in the sky and forms from ice
crystals. Accept any answer a student can justify. (p. 207)
17. Possible answer: A cumulus cloud is puffy and forms from water droplets.
Accept any answer a student can justify. (p. 207)
18. Possible answer: Stratus clouds look like layers. They also form from water
droplets. Accept any answer a student can justify. (p. 207)
19. raindrops are held in storm clouds, colliding with bits of ice to freeze and
form ice pellets (p. 209)
20. water vapor turns directly into ice crystals and falls to the ground as snow
(p. 209)
21. liquid raindrops fall through a very cold air mass, freezing as they fall
(p. 209)
22. The cold air pushes up the warm air and the moisture in the warm air
condenses to make clouds. This brings precipitation. (p. 211)
23. Most weather in North America moves from west to east. (p. 211)
24. low-pressure (p. 212)
25. You could predict tomorrow would probably be cooler. (p. 213)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 Severe Storms
Read a Diagram: How a Thunderstorm Forms
It cools down. (p. 214)
Read a Photo: Winter Storms
The road may be blocked and power lines may be down in North Dakota. In
New York, roads are blocked and cars are buried. (p. 216)
Quick Check
26. In order, top to bottom: 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 (p. 215)
27. an ice storm (p. 217)
28. a whiteout (p. 217)
29. b (p. 219)
30. b (p. 219)
31. equator (p. 221)
32. 74 mph (p. 221)
33. cyclones (p. 221)
34. Answers will vary. Possible answer: doppler radar, barometer,
anemometer, rain gauge, weather balloon, cameras, airplane (p. 223)
Lesson 4 Climate
Read a Diagram: Climate by Plants
It is wet and cold. (p. 225)
Read a Map: Ocean Currents of the World
Gulf Stream, warm (p. 226)
Quick Check
35.–38. Possible answers: average temperature, average rainfall, latitude,
plants (p. 225)
39. Possible answer: That city is warmer in summer and cooler in winter than a
city by the ocean. (p. 227)
40. Possible answer: The higher the elevation, the cooler the climate. (p. 227)
41. Possible answer: The climate of nearby land is warm and humid. (p. 227)
42. Possible answer: El Niño cold current sinks (p. 229)
43. Possible answer: Both change weather conditions, happen in the Pacific
Ocean, are affected by cold water current (p. 229)
44. Possible answer: La Niña cold current rises (p. 229)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 7: Vocabulary Review
1. weather (p. 230)
2. front (p. 230)
3. humidity (p. 230)
4. tornado (p. 230)
5. air mass (p. 230)
6. air pressure (p. 230)
7. barometer (p. 230)
8. hurricane (p. 230)
9. climate (p. 230)
atmosphere the layers of gases that surround Earth (p. 230)
1. global wind (p. 231)
2. barometer (p. 231)
3. storm surge (p. 231)
4. front (p. 231)
5. weather map (p. 231)
6. El Niño (p. 231)
Circled letters: ADRSNWHAIO, used to spell rain shadow.
Summarize
Heat energy from the Sun changes air pressure and causes winds. Water vapor
in the air can form clouds, fog, rain, hail, sleet, or snow. Air masses and
fronts change weather as they move. Storms are caused by the meeting of
cold and warm air masses. Average weather patterns over many years
determine an area's climate.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 8 THE UNIVERSE
Lesson 1 Earth and Sun
Read a Diagram: Gravity and Inertia
Yellow—the solid line that curves (p. 235)
Read a Diagram: How Seasons Change in the Northern Hemisphere
As Earth revolves around the Sun, the different parts of Earth receive more
direct sunlight as a result of the tilt of Earth’s axis. Summer occurs when the
Sun’s rays are most direct. (p. 237)
Quick Check
1. gravity (p. 235)
2. inertia (p. 235)
3. T (p. 237)
4. F (p. 237)
5. rotation (p. 238)
6. one day, or 24 hours (p. 238)
7. F (p. 239)
8. F (p. 239)
Lesson 2 Earth and Moon
Read a Diagram: Eclipses
The Moon is in Earth’s shadow. (p. 243)
Read a Diagram: Tides During One Month
spring tides (p. 245)
Quick Check
9. phase (p. 241)
10. The penumbra has some light. The umbra is totally dark. (p. 242)
11. the force of gravity between Earth and the Moon and between Earth and
the Sun (p. 244)
12. twice a day; between high tides (p. 244)
13. spring (p. 245)
14. neap (p. 245)
15. full; new (p. 245)
16. first quarter; last quarter (p. 245)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 The Solar System
Read a Chart: Planetary Data
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (p. 249)
Read a Photo: Various Moons of the Solar System
Deimos and Phobos; by using the scale (p 253)
Quick Check
17. Possible answers: Larger lenses and mirrors are used in today’s telescopes.
They can also be put into space. Telescopes have been invented that pick up
things other than light. (p. 247)
18. Possible answers: It allows scientists to avoid having to look through Earth’s
atmosphere; it allows scientists to see objects that are trillions of miles away.
(p. 247)
19. solar system (p. 248)
20. Mercury (p. 248)
21. T (p. 251)
22. F (p. 251)
23. F (p. 251)
24. F (p. 251)
25. satellites placed in orbit by people (p. 252)
26. Smaller objects crash into them. (p. 253)
27. asteroid (p. 254)
28. space probes (p. 255)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 4 Stars and the Universe
Read a Diagram: Color and Surface Temperatures of Stars
Red (p. 258)
Read a Diagram: Finding Polaris
the Little Dipper (p. 260)
Quick Check
29. star (p. 256)
30. nebula (p. 256)
31. helium (p. 257)
32. white dwarf (p. 257)
33. supernova (p. 258)
34. black hole (p. 258)
35. by studying the motion and brightness (to see if the star is affected by the
gravity of a planet or if a planet blocks its light) (p. 259)
36. a pattern of stars (p. 260)
37. 9.5 billion (p. 261)
38. billions (p. 262)
39. big bang theory (p. 263)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 8: Vocabulary Review
1. f (p. 264)
2. h (p. 264)
3. k (p. 264)
4. c (p. 264)
5. g (p. 264)
6. e (p. 264)
7. j (p. 264)
8. a (p. 264)
9. i (p. 264)
10. d (p. 264)
11. b (p. 264)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
c (p. 265)
b (p. 265)
d (p. 265)
c (p. 265)
a (p. 265)
b (p. 265)
Summarize
Gravity and inertia keep Earth in orbit around the Sun. The Moon is Earth’s
natural satellite. Our solar system in made up of the Sun, eight planets, and
their moons. Our solar system also contains comets, asteroids, and meteoroids.
The Sun is a star. Stars are parts of systems, such as galaxies and solar systems.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 9 COMPARING KINDS OF MATTER
Lesson 1 Properties of Matter
Read a Photo: Measuring Matter
A marble was put in the second cylinder. It takes up space and pushes up the
water level. (p. 269)
Read a Diagram: Measuring Matter
The rubber ball is the same size (volume) as the marble. However, it is floating
on top of the water, which means is has lower density. (p. 270)
Quick Check
1. d (p. 269)
2. a (p. 269)
3. c (p. 269)
4. b (p. 269)
5. more (p. 271)
6. less (p. 271)
7. more (p. 271)
8. less (p. 271)
9. solid (p. 273)
10. definite volume, but can change shape (p. 273)
11. no defined shape or volume; will fill whatever container it’s in (p. 273)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 2 Elements
Read a Diagram: Atom
8 electrons (p. 276)
Read a Diagram: The Periodic Table of Elements
a gas (p. 279)
Quick Check
12. Elements can be solid, liquid, or gas. (p. 275)
13. Some elements are reactive. (p. 275)
14. Elements can be metals, nonmetals, or metalloids. (p. 275)
15. proton, neutron, electron (p. 277)
16. two or more atoms joined together (p. 277)
17. carbon (C) (p. 279)
18. iron (Fe) (p. 279)
19. silicon (Si) (p. 279)
20. hydrogen (H) (p. 279)
21. mercury (Hg) (p. 279)
22. bromine (Br) (p. 279)
23. Hydrogen and oxygen combine to make water. Water is found in plants,
animals, and the ocean. (p. 280)
24. in bones (p. 280)
25. F (p. 281)
26. F (p. 281)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Read a Photo: Building with Metal
Both are made of metal. (p. 284)
Read a Diagram: Position of Elements
Aluminum is positioned to the left of silicon on the periodic table of elements.
It is identified as a metal, and silicon is identified as a metalloid. (p. 287)
Quick Check
27. Metals shine when they are polished. (p. 283)
28. Metals carry heat and electricity well. (p. 283)
29. Metals can be shaped (or are malleable). (p. 283)
30.–32. Answers will vary. Possible answers: Strong metals can be used for
support or in construction; soft metals can be used for wiring or to conduct
electricity; nonreactive metals can be used for medical purposes; reactive
metals can be used in batteries. (p. 285)
33. tin (p. 287)
34. silicon (p. 287)
35. Nonmetals do not carry electricity well. They can be wrapped around
electrical cords to protect us from getting shocked. (p. 289)
36. Metalloids, such as silicon, are used to make computer chips. (p. 289)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 9: Vocabulary Review
1. c (p. 290)
2. a (p. 290)
3. b (p. 290)
4. d (p. 290)
5. b (p. 290)
6. a (p. 290)
7. c (p. 290)
8. b (p. 290)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
molecule (p. 291)
elements (p. 291)
density (p. 291)
atoms (p. 291)
weight (p. 291)
volume (p. 291)
W
M
O
L
E
C
U
L
E
T
E
S
V
A
M
V
S
K
M
L
I
T
I
H
O
P
J
A
E
O
G
P
W
L
K
H
V
M
Y
A
H
A
U
L
F
S
E
O
T
B
T
M
M
W
B
N
K
L
S
O
E
R
M
I
T
A
D
I
M
W
B
B
P
S
D
E
N
S
I
T
Y
Summarize
Matter can be described by properties. Some properties include
mass, weight, volume, density, and state. The three common states of matter
are solid, liquid, and gas. All matter is made of elements. Elements are
classified into one of three groups: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 10 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
Lesson 1 Changes of State
Read a Diagram: Changes of State
Heat causes a solid to melt and a liquid to evaporate. (p. 294)
Read a Diagram: Heating Curve for Water
The boiling point of water is higher than the melting point of water. (p. 296)
Quick Check
1. solid (p. 295)
2. gas (p. 295)
3. gas (p. 295)
4. solid (p. 295)
5. liquid (p. 295)
6. F (p. 296)
7. T (p. 296)
8. It grows larger. (p. 297)
Lesson 2 Mixtures
Read a Photo: Suspension in Water
The mud and clay would become suspended, or mixed up, in the water again.
(p. 299)
Read a Diagram: Separating Mixtures
You would use a magnet to attract the pieces of iron. (p. 301)
Quick Check
9. F (p. 299)
10. T (p. 299)
11. A solution is a mixture with parts that blend so that it looks the same
everywhere. (p. 300)
12. b (p. 301)
13. a (b can also be correct if separating iron pieces from water) (p. 301)
14. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Copper is flexible. Zinc is hard. The
two metals mix together to make brass, which is both flexible and hard. (p.
303)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 Compounds and Chemical Changes
Read a Diagram: Baking Soda and Vinegar Reaction
14 atoms in the reactants; 14 atoms in the products (p. 307)
Read a Photo: Signs of a Chemical Change
The burning candle may have the greatest increase in temperature because the
flame gives off a great deal of heat. (p. 309)
Quick Check
15. 1 (p. 305)
16. 1 (p. 305)
17. 1 (p. 305)
18. 3 (p. 305)
19. c (p. 307)
20. a (p. 307)
21. b (p. 307)
22. d (p. 307)
23.–27. Student answers should include: changes color, forms tarnish, releases
gas, forms a precipitate, releases energy (p. 309)
28. A plant uses photosynthesis to make food. Photosynthesis is a chemical
reaction that uses energy from the Sun to make simple sugars. (p. 311)
Lesson 4 Acids, Bases, and Salts
Read a Diagram: Acids and Bases in Water
A chlorine ion has a negative charge; a sodium ion has a positive charge.
(p. 313)
Read a Diagram: pH Scale
7 (p. 314)
Quick Check
29. F (p. 313)
30. F (p. 313)
31. T (p. 313)
32. T (p. 313)
33. base (p. 314)
34. acid (p. 314)
35. An acid and a base react to form a salt and water. (p. 315)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 10: Vocabulary Review
1. c (p. 316)
2. b (p. 316)
3. d (p. 316)
4. b (p. 316)
5. d (p. 316)
6. c (p. 316)
7. a (p. 316)
8. b (p. 316)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
mixture (p. 317)
solution (p. 317)
acid (p. 317)
base (p. 317)
physical (p. 317)
chemical (p. 317)
M
I
H
R
I
W
K
C
S
X
J
H
I
X
W
M
G
H
A
O
W
M
F
R
X
J
J
E
S
R
L
L
B
H
L
X
T
M
E
J
N
U
O
M
A
M
D
I
U
C
R
O
T
E
Y
C
G
C
N
D
R
D
F
I
A
W
H
A
N
B
O
G
E
T
O
L
A
L
S
K
N
L
V
O
U
N
Q
C
P
H
Y
S
I
C
A
L
A
S
I
Q
L
H
G
R
I
G
G
P
C
D
B
A
S
E
E
N
D
E
A
Z
U
Summarize
Matter can change state when heat is added or taken away. Mixtures are
physical combinations of different kinds of matter. Compounds form when two
or more elements join together to make something new. Acids are chemical
compounds that make blue litmus turn red and bases are chemical compounds
that make red litmus turn blue.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 11 USING FORCES
Lesson 1 Motion
Read a Diagram: Positions on a Grid
The car on the right (i.e., the blue car) has a longer arrow. (p. 320)
Read a Diagram: Airplane Velocities
The planes are all flying in different directions. (p. 323)
Quick Check
1. a (p. 321)
2. d (p. 321)
3. b (p. 321)
4. c (p. 321)
5. Divide the total distance traveled by the total time. (p. 323)
6. Velocity is the speed and direction of a moving object. (p. 323)
7. velocity (p. 325)
8. acceleration (p. 325)
9. speed (p. 325)
10. T (p. 327)
11. F (p. 327)
12. F (p. 327)
13. F (p. 327)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 2 Forces and Motion
Read a Diagram: Sliding Blocks
Rough surfaces have more friction. Friction increases with weight, so a lighter
block will have less friction. (p. 331)
Read a Photo: Accelerating Boat
Possible answers: row harder (increase rowing force); decrease the boat’s mass
(reduce resistance). (p. 334)
Quick Check
14. crush (p. 329)
15. pulls (p. 329)
16. pressed (p. 329)
17. lift (p. 329)
18. drag (p. 329)
19. F (p. 331)
20. T (p. 331)
21. T (p. 331)
22. T (p. 331)
23. balanced (p. 332)
24. unbalanced (p. 332)
25. unbalanced (p. 332)
26. balanced (p. 332)
27. Possible answers: adding mass to the boat, increasing friction, increasing
drag, or reducing the rowing force (p. 334)
28. action; reaction (p. 335)
Lesson 3 Work and Energy
Read a Diagram: Lifting Boxes
The pink boxes lower to the ground. (Assuming they have the same or less mass
than the yellow boxes,) they require less force because they’re being moved
over a shorter distance than the yellow boxes. (p. 336)
Read a Photo: Using Energy
the pictures showing “dropping” and “throwing” (p. 338)
Quick Check
29. F (p. 337)
30. F (p. 337)
31. Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object. Potential energy is stored
energy. Potential energy has the potential to do work. (p. 338)
32. F (p. 339)
33. T (p. 339)
34. F (p. 339)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 4 Simple Machines
Read a Photo: Classes of Levers
The fulcrum is in the middle of the seesaw; the fulcrum is at the wheel of the
wheelbarrow; the fulcrum is at the handle-end of the fishing rod. (p. 343)
Read a Photo: Using a Ramp
He does not have to use as much effort to walk up. The ramp is not steep.
(p. 346)
Quick Check
35. simple machine (p. 341)
36. effort (p. 341)
37. output (p. 341)
38. load (p. 341)
39. The two parts of a lever are the bar and the fulcrum. (p. 343)
40. Student answers should indicate that the pulley is on the back of the truck.
The wheel and axle can be described as one of the tires or the winch. (p. 345)
41. inclined plane (p. 347)
42. Wedges (p. 347)
43. screw (p. 347)
44. Possible answers: pulley, wheel and axle, lever (p. 348)
45. lever and wedge (p. 348)
46. When two or more simple machines are combined, they form a compound
machine. (p. 349)
48. An elevator uses many simple machines. (p. 349)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Chapter 11: Vocabulary Review
1. d (p. 350)
2. a (p. 350)
3. b (p. 350)
4. a (p. 350)
5. d (p. 350)
6. d (p. 350)
7. b (p. 350)
8. c (p. 350)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
velocity (p. 351)
momentum (p. 351)
work (p. 351)
simple machine (p. 351)
friction (p. 351)
force (p. 351)
Summarize
Motion is a change in an object’s position. Forces, such as gravity and friction,
may cause changes in motion. Work is done when a force is used to move an
object. Energy is required to move an object. Simple machines change the
forces and distances used to do work.
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
CHAPTER 12 USING ENERGY
Lesson 1 Heat
Read a Diagram: Transmitting Heat
the teapot (p. 357)
Read a Table: Conductivity
Diamond (p. 358)
Quick Check
1. Heat (p. 355)
2. temperature (p. 355)
3. conduction (p. 357)
4. radiation (p. 357)
5. convection (p. 357)
6. wood (p. 358)
7. diamond (p. 358)
8. T (p. 359)
9. F (p. 359)
10. F (p. 359)
Lesson 2 Sound
Read a Photo: Doppler Effect
The whistle will sound higher in pitch as it approaches; the pitch will decrease
as it passes. (p. 363)
Read a Table: Volume of Sounds
120 dB (p. 364)
Quick Check
11. Compressions are areas of squeezed particles in a vibration. (p. 360)
12. Rarefactions are areas of spread out particles in a vibration. (p. 360)
13. T (p. 361)
14. F (p. 361)
15. F (p. 361)
16. frequency (p. 363)
17. pitch (p. 363)
18. frequency (p. 363)
19. volume (p. 364)
20. force (p. 364)
21. decreases, dissipates (p. 364)
22. Bats make sounds that echo off their prey. These echoes tell the bat where
food is located. (p. 365)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 3 Light
Read a Photo: Creating a Spectrum
separating it into bands of colors (p. 370)
Read a Diagram: Electromagnetic Spectrum
Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength because the peaks of those waves
are the closest together. (p. 371)
Quick Check
23. particle (p. 366)
24. F (p. 367)
25. F (p. 367)
26. refraction (p. 369)
27. refract (p. 369)
28. visible light (p. 371)
Lesson 4 Electricity
Read a Diagram: Static Electricity
The shoe is rubbed back and forth across the carpet. Electrons are knocked off
the carpet onto the shoe. (p. 372)
Read a Diagram: Circuit Diagrams
The bottom diagram—the parallel circuit. Electricity can flow through the other
light bulbs to complete the circuit even after one light bulb is removed.
(p. 377)
Quick Check
29. charges (p. 373)
30. opposite (p. 373)
31. positive protons (p. 373)
32. resistor (p. 375)
33. circuit (p. 375)
34. switch (p. 375)
35. electrons (p. 375)
36. series (p. 376)
37. parallel (p. 376)
38. parallel (p. 376)
39. series (p. 376)
40. They stop the flow of large currents that can cause fires. (p. 379)
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Reading Essentials Grade 5 Answer Key
Lesson 5 Magnetism
Read a Diagram: Electromagnetism
There are more magnetic field lines and they are closer together. (p. 381)
Read a Diagram: Electric Generator
Flowing water pushes the turbine blades and rotates the axle. The axle moves
the coils. (p. 383)
Quick Check
41. attract (p. 380)
42. repel (p. 380)
43. Students should include two of the following: wrap the wire into a loop;
put loops together to make a coil; increase the current. (p. 381)
44. in order, top to bottom: 2, 3, 1
45. T (p. 385)
46. F (p. 385)
47. F (p. 385)
Chapter 12: Vocabulary Review
1. f (p. 386)
2. j (p. 386)
3. i (p. 386)
4. h (p. 386)
5. b (p. 386)
6. g (p. 386)
7. e (p. 386)
8. k (p. 386)
9. c (p. 386)
10. d (p. 386)
11. a (p. 386)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
thermal conductivity (p. 387)
sound wave (p. 387)
frequency (p. 387)
generator (p. 387)
energy (p. 387)
Summarize
Energy can come in many forms. Examples of energy include heat, sound, light,
electricity, and magnetism. Heat flows between objects that have different
temperatures. Sounds are produced by vibrating objects. Light is both a wave
of energy and a particle. Electric current can flow in a closed circuit. Magnets
push away or pull other magnetic objects.
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