Honors Biology Review Topics Semester 2 Exam 2014
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Protein synthesis
Roles of DNA, tRNA, mRNA, ribosomes (rRNA) in protein synthesis
Location where transcription and translation occur and details of what is happening in each
Use of mRNA codon chart to determine amino acid sequence
Mutations: how they may/may not affect the amino acid sequence of protein
RNA processing following transcription
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Genetics
Know the terminology for this unit (homozygous/heterozygous, dominant/recessive, pedigree,
monohybrid/dihybrid, F1/F2 generations…)
Solve genetic crosses
a. Given characteristics of offspring (phenotype, %, ratios…) determine genotypes
b. Given parents, determine characteristics of offspring
c. Crosses with 2 traits (dihybrid)
d. X-linked
e. Linked genes (with crossing over)
f. Blood types
Know the process of using genetic engineering to produce human protein (including the role of reverse
transcriptase)
Mutation: types/ results of mutations
Cause of genetic diseases
Process and uses of gel electrophoresis
Analyze karyotypes to determine sex and common chromosomal abnormalities caused by nondisjunction
Understand how Pedigree Charts are used to show the family history of genetic disorders: dominant and
recessive as well as linked and autosomal.
Origin of Life/Evolution
Definition of species
Distinguish between prezyogtic and postzygotic barrier that keep species separate
Explain how evolution can be seen in bacteria today
Evidence of evolution
Natural selection
Microevolution and its causes
heterotroph hypothesis
Description of the early environment
Describe Stanley Miller’s experiment
Classification
Know the levels of taxonomic groups (Domain, Kingdom, phylum…)
Know the characteristics of the “classic” 5 kingdoms and 3 domains
Scientific naming of organisms (binomial nomenclature)
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Circulatory / immune System
Know the path that blood flows through the heart and circulatory system
Know where blood is oxygenated/deoxygenated
Functions of arteries, veins, capillaries, valves
Explain how the rhythmic contraction of the heart is controlled
Compare lymph and blood vessels
Function of lymphatic system
Know the function of the components of blood
Compare/contrast B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
Explain what occurs during inflammation
Explain the function of antibodies
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Excretory/Respiratory System
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Function of urinary system
Events occurring in a nephron
Identify organs of the urinary system
Form of nitrogenous wastes excreted from animals
Structures of the respiratory system
Mechanism of breathing in humans
Nervous system
1. Describe the function of types of neurons: sensory, motor, interneuron
2. Describe the functions of parts of brain: pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, cerebrum
3. Describe the structure and function of myelinated neuron, include the dendrites, cell body, myelin sheath,
synaptic terminal, and axon
4. Explain how a reflex works
5. Explain how an action potential is generated and passed along a neuron
6. Describe the function of neurotransmitters
Endocrine
1. Describe how various hormones can control bodily functions to maintain homeostasis
a. Water content in body
b. Blood glucose levels
c. Reproduction and sexual characteristics
d. Metabolism