LectureT22010
Biology 315: Lecture Test 2, Spring 2010
Directions: This is a multiple-choice test with only one answer per
question. For each question, choose the best answer and mark it on
your answer sheet. Please write your lab time at the top of the
answer sheet.
C. 1. No skin cancers arise from the cells of the stratum corneum of
the epidermis. Why?
A. all skin cancers actually come from the stratum granulosum
B. all skin cancers come from melanocytes, which are not in the
stratum corneum
C. all the cells in the stratum corneum are dead, and dead cells
cannot become cancer cells
D. skin cancers come from existing moles, and the skin of moles lacks
the stratum corneum layer
E. all skin cancers come from the dermis, not the epidermis
C
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2. Sebaceous glands . . .
do not open into hair follicles
secrete sweat
are appendages of the skin derived from the early epidermis
are not involved in acne
house encapsulated receptors that sense deep pressure and vibration
D
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3. What layer of cow skin is tanned to make leather?
stratum corneum
hypodermis
papillary layer of dermis
reticular layer of dermis
hypodermis
A 4. What is the correct order of the strata of epidermis in thin
skin, from the dermis boundary up to the skin surface?
A. basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
B. basale, corneum, spinosum, granulosum
C. corneum, basale, spinosum, granulosum
D. granulosum, corneum, basale, spinosum
E. basale, granulosum, corneum, spinosum
D 5. Neural tube defects, a common class of birth defects, occur
mainly in which location(s)?
A. neck
B. thorax and lumbar regions
C. head and sacral
D. with equal frequency all along the length of head and back
E. upper and lower thorax
Identify the following structures in the big diagram found somewhere
in this exam.
C 6. Ventral root is:
A. structure #1
B. #3
C. #5
D. #10
E. #13
E 7. This part of the spinal cord continues into the ventricles of the
brain:
A. structure #7
B. #8
C. #9
D. #10
E. #11
A 8. The dorsal column tract is:
A. structure #7
B. #8
C. #12
D. #15
E. #16
D 9. A horn (column) of gray matter is:
A. structure #3
B. #7
C. #8
D. #13
E. #14
E 10. Neuron-cell bodies that develop from embryonic neural crest are
in:
A. structure #3
B. #9
C. #12
D. #13
E. #14
B 11. A ramus communicans of the autonomic nervous system is:
A. structure #1
B. #3
C. #5
D. #10
E. #13
C 12. What nerve (or nerve root) contains only motor axons?
A. structure #1
B. #4
C. #5
D. #15
E. #17
B 13. What is the spinal nerve?
A. structure #3
B. #4
C. #7
D. #16
E. #17
A 14. Choose the FALSE statement about a pseudounipolar neuron.
A. It has no axon and conducts no impulses (it only conducts graded
potentials).
B. We also called it a unipolar neuron.
C. It is a sensory neuron.
D. It has a central process and a peripheral process.
E. Its peripheral dendrites are sensory receptors.
D 15. Which one of these is NOT part of a neuron’s cell body?
A. Nissl substance (chromatophilic bodies)
B. neurofibrils
C. a nucleus that looks like an owl’s eye
D. axon terminals with synaptic vesicles
E. axon hillock
C 16. In an axo-somatic synapse, the post-synaptic element is the
A. axon
B. neurotransmitter
C. cell body
D. dendrite
E. synaptic cleft
A 17. Choose the correct classification. (Hint: In case you forgot,
‘efferent’ means ‘motor’.)
A. light touch on the skin: general somatic afferent
B. equilibrium: general visceral afferent
C. signalling the muscles of facial expression to contract: general
somatic efferent
D. signalling secretion by glands in the wall of the intestine:
special somatic efferent
E. feeling hungry: general visceral efferent
E 18. Which two cell types make myelin?
A. astrocytes and satellite cells
B. Schwann cells and satellite cells
C. fibroblasts in the endoneurium, and microglia
D. sensory neurons and interneurons
E. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
E 19. Gray matter versus white matter in the CNS. Choose the WRONG
statement.
A. Both the cerebral cortex and the brain nuclei are gray matter.
B. White matter does not contain neuron cell bodies.
C. Deep in the brain and spinal cord, around the ventricles and the
central canal, lies gray matter.
D. Gray matter contains many interneurons and is where our brain does
its complex computing.
E. Gray matter contains the long ascending and descending tracts of
nerve fibers.
B 20. What is NOT part of a synapse?
A. synaptic vesicles
B. myelin
C. synaptic cleft
D. pre- and post-synaptic densities
E. neurotransmitters
B
A.
B.
C.
D.
21. Which of these is NOT a proprioceptor?
Golgi tendon organ
neuromuscular junction (motor end plate)
muscle spindle
stretch receptors in joint capsules
A 22. Nerve, neuron, and nerve fiber. Choose the correct statement.
A. A nerve fiber is a part of a neuron, and it can also be part of a
nerve.
B. A nerve fiber is not a long axon, but instead it is the same thing
as a nerve.
C. A neuron and a nerve are the same thing.
D. A neuron is the same as an axon and a nerve fiber.
E. Nerves occur in the white matter of the central nervous system.
D 23. What is NOT a function of astrocytes?
A. nourish neurons and insulate neurons from one another.
B. control blood flow to their region of the brain.
C. maintain the proper concentration of ions in the extracellular
fluid between neurons.
D. secrete the cerebrospinal fluid.
E. help the communication at synapses.
C 24. Choose the correct location of the brain structures.
A. Hypothalamus is in the mesencephalon.
B. No part of the reticular formation is in the midbrain.
C. The basal nuclei are in the telencephalon.
D. Thalamus is in the telencephalon.
E. Substantia nigra is in the metencephalon.
D 25. A man fell hard on his back onto sharp gravel and was injured.
On his left side, the anterior and lateral parts of two dermatomes of
skin on his abdomen, named T11 and T12, are numb (no feeling), but the
dorsal parts of these dermatomes are not numb (that is, the skin on
his entire back has normal feeling). Also, the muscles of his
anterior abdominal wall under the numb skin are paralyzed. What is
the most likely injury?
A. The man’s spinal cord has been damaged or cut at the T11 level.
B. The dorsal roots of spinal nerves T11 and T12 have been crushed.
C. The spinal nerves themselves (T11 and T12) have been damaged.
D. The ventral rami of his T11 and T12 spinal nerves have been
damaged, perhaps by splinters from broken ribs.
E. The white and gray rami communicantes to these spinal nerves were
torn off.
C 26. Which of these ascending pathways reaches the primary
somatosensory part of the cerebral cortex?
A. auditory pathway
B. spinocerebellar pathway
C. spinothalamic pathway
D. visual pathway
E. olfactory pathway
D 27. A woman had a stroke that seriously damaged both the precentral
and postcentral gyrus on her RIGHT cerebral hemisphere. What problems
does she have?
A. Paralysis (unable to move voluntarily) of the right half of her
body and anesthesia (no conscious feeling on the skin; numbness) of
the left half of her body.
B. Paralysis of the left half and anesthesia of the right half of her
body.
C. Both paralysis and anesthesia of the right half.
D. Both paralysis and anesthesia of the left half.
E. No paralysis or anesthesia, but visual defects instead.
C 28. A functional MRI scan (medical imaging) revealed a man’s brain
was completely normal except that it had unusually small prefrontal
lobes and an almost-inactive prefrontal cortex. Thus, his doctor was
not surprised to find that the man . . .
A. had trouble recognizing faces and had to recognize people by their
voices.
B. could not taste things or recognize tastes.
C. was impulsive, had trouble concentrating and thinking hard, had no
inhibitions, behaved like a small child.
D. had Parkinson’s disease.
E. was uncoordinated, clumsy, had trouble keeping his balance, fell
down often.
A 29. Brain structures. Circle the WRONG function.
A. amygdala: reward center of our brain, related to addictions and
drug abuse.
B. limbic lobe: emotional brain
C. thalamus: relay nuclei for all information travelling to the
cerebral cortex
D. basal nuclei: start, stop, and regulate the intensity of body
movements
E. hypothalamus: controls many visceral functions of our body
A 30. Which two parts of the limbic system are involved with
processing and forming memories?
A. hippocampus and amygdala
B. cingulate and dentate gyri
C. septal nuclei and parahippocampal gyrus
D. caudate and putamen
E. hypothalamus and some nuclei of the thalamus
D 31. Circle the FALSE statement about pyramidal cells and the
pyramidal tract.
A. Some of the pyramidal cells occur in the prefrontal motor cortex
(Brodmann’s area 6).
B. The pyramidal tract forms the pyramids on the ventral part of the
medulla oblongata.
C. Many more pyramidal cells are involved with controlling movements
of the fingers than with controlling movements of the foot.
D. The pyramidal cells are in the cerebellum, have many dendrites, and
receive all kinds of inputs coming to the cerebellum (on balance, body
movements, etc.).
E. The pyramidal tract descends through the midbrain and pons and
beyond.
B 32. Where does the cerebellum’s cortex send most of its output
information on how to make our movements smooth and coordinated?
A. cerebellar axons project all the way to the muscle fibers in our
skeletal muscles
B. to the primary motor cerebral cortex (Brodmann’s area 4)
C. inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla
D. directly to motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain
E. to the reticular activating system of the reticular formation
A 33. What is NOT a function of the reticular formation?
A. Receives the most input from olfactory nerves and is involved with
conscious smelling.
B. Influences heart rate and blood pressure.
C. Keeps us conscious.
D. Keeps us alert.
E. Regulates our breathing rate.
E 34. Choose the FALSE statement about the vagus cranial nerve.
A. It innervates many structures outside the head, in the thorax and
abdomen.
B. It contains general somatic sensory, general visceral sensory,
special visceral sensory (taste), parasympathetic, and branchial
motor, axons.
C. It has a sensory ganglion.
D. It innervates (inhibits) the cardiac muscle of the heart.
E. It innervates the bladder and rectum (lower part of large
intestine).
B 35. A woman has Bell’s facial palsy, an inflammation of a certain
nerve that affects one side of her face, in which the eyelid and
corner of her mouth droop, she cannot wrinkle her brow or close her
eye, nor smile properly. Deduce which nerve is inactivated in Bell’s
palsy.
A. trigeminal
B. facial
C. first cervical (C1)
D. vagus
E. oculomotor
B 36. Which cranial nerve innervates extrinsic eye muscles (muscles
that move the eyeball to look at things) and also contains autonomic,
parasympathetic fibers?
A. trochlear
B. oculomotor
C. abducens
D. trigeminal
E. facial
D 37. Choose the WRONG match between the name and number of the
cranial nerve.
A. optic nerve is #2
B. trigeminal nerve is #5
C. vagus is #10
D. hypoglossal is #9
E. oculomotor is #3
E 38. Parasympathetic versus sympathetic functions. Choose the
correct statement.
A. Parasympathetic innervation causes your pupils to widen (dilate).
B. Sympathetic innervation makes the salivary glands in your mouth
secrete more, so you slobber and drool a lot when you are excited.
C. Parasympathetic innervation makes the air tubes in your lungs
dilate (get wider).
D. Parasympathetic innervation makes you sweat on hot days and get
goosebumps on your skin on cold days, as your arrector pili contract.
E. The sympathetic division innervates the smooth muscle in the tunica
media of your blood vessels.
D 39. Circle the correct statement:
A. The medulla of the adrenal gland is part of the parasympathetic
division, not of the sympathetic.
B. Parasympathetic pathways have short preganglionic fibers and long
postganglionic fibers.
C. Sympathetic division has autonomic ganglia, but parasympathetic
division does not.
D. The postganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitter is usually
norepinephrine.
E. Sympathetic pathways have long preganglionic fibers and short
postganglionic fibers.
D 40. Prevertebral ganglia, such as the celiac and superior
mesenteric, contain _____________________ cell bodies.
A. preganglionic parasympathetic
B. postganglionic parasympathetic
C. preganglionic sympathetic
D. postganglionic sympathetic
E. sensory
A 41. The deep gray matter of the medulla oblongata contains
_____________________________ cell bodies.
A. preganglionic parasympathetic
B. postganglionic parasympathetic
C. preganglionic sympathetic
D. postganglionic sympathetic
E. sensory
D 42. Eye tunics: Choose the WRONG match.
A. fibrous tunic: contains cornea
B. sensory tunic: contains rod cells
C. vascular tunic: contains ciliary processes
D. fibrous tunic: contains choroid
E. vascular tunic: contains iris
E 43. In the eye, what structure makes the aqueous humor?
A. suspensory ligament of the lens
B. choroid
C. cornea
D. sinus venosus sclerae (scleral venous sinus)
E. ciliary processes
C 44. In the inner ear, where are the balance receptors for static
equilibrium located? (Static equilibrium is sensing the position of
the head when the head is still and not moving.)
A. in the
B. in the
C. in the
membrane.
D. in the
E. in the
wall of the semicicular canals.
spiral organ of Corti, attached to the basilar membrane.
walls of the utricle and saccule, attached to the otolithic
cochlear duct.
ampullae of the semicircular canals, attached to a cupula.
B 45. In the ear, as the stapes vibrates on the oval window it FIRST
sets up pressure waves in the . . .
A. perilymph of scala tympani
B. perilymph of scala vestibuli
C. endolymph of cochlear duct
D. tectorial membrane
E. spiral organ of Corti
C 46. Choose the correct statement about the pharyngotympanic tube.
A. It often carries an infection that starts in the mastoid air cells,
into the upper pharynx, which is the main reason why people get sore
throats.
B. One of its functions is to drain perilymph from the ear into the
throat.
C. It runs from the upper pharynx to the middle ear cavity, and
conducts air.
D. It is designed to drain pus away from middle-ear infections.
E. It runs from the pharynx to the eardrum (tympanic membrane),
through which it opens into the external ear.
B 47. In the three-neuron auditory pathway, between the receptor cells
in the inner ear and the primary auditory cortex, where are the cell
bodies of the third neurons located?
A. in the inner ear (as hair cells)
B. in the thalamus
C. in the medulla oblongata
D. in the sensory ganglion of the vestibulocochlear nerve
E. in the cerebral cortex
C 48. In one lecture, Dr. Mallatt put an apricot fruit roll around an
aluminum tube. What did the fruit roll represent?
A. smooth musculature in the wall of an artery, stimulated by the
autonomic nervous system.
B. end feet of astrocyte processes, which touch the small blood
vessels in the central nervous system.
C. a segment of myelin on an axon, formed by a Schwann cell.
D. an axon terminal on a dendrite, forming a synapse.
E. a microglial cell that developed from a monocyte leaving a brain
capillary.
D 49. In one lecture, Dr. Mallat threw a wastebasket so that it
crashed into a wall. Why?
A. He was showing how damage to the hypothalamus can lead to extreme
rage.
B. He lost his temper because the touch screen that controls the room
lights never works right.
C. He wanted to startle you into feeling the surge of adrenaline in a
‘fright, flight, fight’ response.
D. He wanted to make an unexpected loud noise, to demonstrate the
function of the inferior colliculus.
E. The waste basket represented the middle ear, and he made a loud
noise to show how the ossicles amplify sound.
A 50. In one lecture, a student asked, if the ‘fright-or-flight’
sympathetic response functions to inhibit the smooth musculature of
our digestive tube and bladder, why does terror make people wet their
pants or defecate? Dr. Mallatt looked this up and reported in the
next lecture that . . .
A. Extreme, life-threatening, terror produces so much norepinephrine
that the brain overrides the normal sympathetic inhibition of this
smooth musculature, causing the rectum and bladder to contract.
B. He admitted that he had been wrong in the first place, and said
that actually, the sympathetic division always stimulates (not
inhibits) visceral smooth musculature.
C. The parasympathetic innervation always competes with the
sympathetic, and the parasympathetic temporarily takes over in some
stages of the terror response.
D. He could not offer an explanation, but he told of an anatomist who
reported on the internet that this is the question that stumps the
most anatomy teachers in the United States.
E. He found that terror-induced urination and defecation do not really
occur, and that that idea is just a myth.