Name: ___________________________________________________ Due Date: _________________ Period: _________________
Chapter 7—The Great War 1914-1919 (pp. 318-345)
Section 1—Peace Movements Failed to Stop World War-- ID’s and Questions: (pp318-325)
1. pacifists (320): people who believe that all war should be outlawed
2. Alfred Nobel (320) the Swedish discoverer of dynamite who set aside millions of dollars to establish an
international peace prize
3. Triple Alliance (320) alliance set up by Germany which included Austria-Hungary and Italy to protect
Germany against France (and later her allies: the Triple Entente/Allies)—later became the Central
Powers
4. Triple Entente (320) alliance set up by France which included Great Britain and Russia (against the
Triple Alliance)—later became known as the Allies
5. Central Powers (321) alliance formerly known as the Triple Alliance
6. Allies (321) alliance formerly known as the Triple Entente (later U.S. would join)
7. nationalism (321) an intense feeling of patriotism or the desire and plans for national independence (one
of the causes of World War I)
8. omitted
9. Which region (bordering both Germany and France) did France lose to Germany in 1871 that would later
cause France to resent Germany? Alsace-Lorraine
10. What countries were located in the Balkan Peninsula (where WWI would later start) in 1914?
Austria-Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece
11. Why did Americans seek to promote peace during the early 1900s?
because war among industrialized nations had become so brutal, as demonstrated by the U.S. Civil War
and the Spanish-American War; advanced technology promised even more horrible suffering in the
event of war
12. Why did the nations of Europe split into two opposing alliances before 1914?
Germany formed the Triple Alliance (later the Central Powers) with Austria-Hungary and Italy because
it feared retaliation from France for its seizure of Alsace-Lorraine during the Franco-Prussian War.
France formed the Triple Entente (later the Allies) with Great Britain and Russia to protect its position.
13. How did the shooting of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, ignite (cause
the start of) the Great War in 1914? Austria-Hungary chose to punish Serbia because a nationalist linked
to Serbia assassinated Franz Ferdinand. Russia backed Serbia and Germany backed Austria-Hungary.
France was linked to Russia by treaty, and the violation of Belgian neutrality drew Great Britain into the
conflict.
14. Why did the United States choose to remain neutral in the early years of the Great War? The war seemed
remote and President Wilson hoped to act as a peacemaker and to achieve goals to spread democracy.
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15. Why did geography rule out a swift victory for either side? The Central Powers held a strong advantage
in a land war because they formed a single connected territory, but the long coastlines of the North Sea
and the Mediterranean Sea gave the Allies an advantage owing to British control of the seas. After the
failure of either side to score a quick victory, the massive numbers of troops and weapons involved added
to the likelihood of an extended conflict.
Section 2—The United States Went to War in 1917-- ID’s and Questions: (pp. 326-333)
1. Luisitania (326) British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915 killing 1,200 passengers
including 128 Americans (after its sinking, President Wilson protested to the German government—
Germany promised not to sink anymore unarmed passenger ships without warning).
2. Sussex pledge (326) in March of 1916, a German U-boat sunk the French ship, Sussex, injuring 2
Americans—Wilson protested again, Germany responded by promising not to sink passenger or
merchant ships without warning and without saving human lives.
3. Zimmermann note (327) March 1917—a coded message sent from German foreign minister
Zimmermann to the German minister (ambassador) in Mexico which proposed that if the U.S. entered
the war, Mexico should attack the U.S.—its reward would be all land acquired by the U.S. earlier (Texas,
Arizona, New Mexico).
4. George W. Norris (328) senator who voted against going to war after President Wilson asked Congress
for a special declaration of war against Germany—April 2, 1917.
5. Jeanneatte Rankin (328) woman who had just been elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from
Montana who voted against the declaration of war
6. convoy (331) a system of moving several merchant ships sailing together under the protection of navy
destroyers
7. Bolsheviks (331) a minority socialist party led by Lenin in Russia—who successfully overthrew the
new democratic government in Russia—which had overthrown the monarch (Russian Tsar) a few
months earlier—Bolsheviks took Russia out of World War I by signing a separate peace treaty with
Germany---their party encouraged world revolution to replace capitalism with socialism
8. How did Germany’s U-boat campaign (actions taken by Germany’s submarines) push America into war?
U-boats sank the Luisitania, with a loss of 128 Americans—and the Sussex, resulting in injury to two
Americans. Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare on Feb. 1, 1917. These actions caused
President Wilson to repeated warn Germany that the U.S. would enter the war—once they resumed
unrestricted submarine warfare—the U.S. declared war on Germany.
9. How did American efforts to finance the war affect inflation (situation where the price of goods rise)?
The selling of Liberty or Victory bonds and the increase in wartime taxes resulted in the reduction of
money in circulation, which kept many people from being able to afford to purchase products available
on the market –this situation allowed prices to remain stable.
10. How did attempts to silence opposition (keep people who opposed the war to stay quiet) to the war affect
civil liberties (civil rights) in the United States? The Espionage Act prevented socialists and others from
using the mails, thus threatening the group’s existence, and the Sedition Act barred criticism of the
government, Constitution, and armed forces, thus limiting freedom of speech and of the press. Excessive
patriotism stirred up by the Committee on Public Information also brought mob actions that threatened
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civil liberties.
11. How did racial discrimination against African Americans affect plans to raise and train the American army?
Under a secret plan, African Americans served in segregated units primarily as stevedores or in labor
companies.
12. How did the U.S. navy deal with the German submarines as it ferried (carried) troops across the Atlantic to
Europe? It convinced the British to plant mines across the North Sea and urged the use of the convoy
system.
13. How did U.S. troops contribute to the final victory in France in 1918? The American Expeditionary
Forces (AEF) took part in major operations, particularly at Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Woods, SaintMihiel, and Meuse-Argonne.
Section 3—U.S. Economic Power Won the War-- ID’s and Questions: (pp. 334-337)
1. Bernard Baruch (334) a financier and self-made millionaire who was appointed to head the War
Industries Board—he drew up a plan for industrial mobilization setting production quotas, allocating
raw materials, standardizing products, and developing new industries to help the war effort
2. Herbert Hoover (334) was put in charge of the Food Administration—guaranteed high prices for wheat
which encouraged farmers to plant more wheat---“Food will win the war.”
3. assembly line (335) used in the production of machine guns and other weapons-4. Great Migration (335) beginning in 1916, many African Americans began moving from the south to
areas in the north and west in search of more opportunities—many northern labor agents offered free
transportation to Chicago, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and other northern cities seeking new
workers in the railroads, mines, and meat-packing plants.
5. Urban League (335) a national group formed in 1910 to aid the adjustment of African Americans to
cities
6. In what city in the United States was the site of a violent race riot in 1917? East St. Louis, Illinois
7. How did the new government agencies that were established organize U.S. economic resources for total war?
Council for National Defense had overall responsibility. War Industries Board set quotas, allocated
resources, and developed new industries. War Labor Board, Food Administration, and Fuel
Administration held responsibility for labor, food, and energy resources, respectively.
8. Why did African Americans migrate to the cities of the North and West during World War I? They went
north in search of better jobs, educational opportunities, and other means of self-improvement.
9. Why did Mexican Americans migrate to the U.S. Southwest between 1910 and 1921? They migrated to the
Southwest in search of job opportunities and stability before an during the Mexican Revolution.
10. How did the war affect women’s job opportunities and their political power? Some women took men’s
jobs in industry, and others moved from traditional “women’s jobs” to better-paying jobs in department
stores, meat-packing plants, and textile mills. In the end, permanent employment was little affected.
Women won wider support for suffrage, including support from President Wilson.
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Section 4—World Leaders Debated the Peace—ID’s and Questions: (pp. 338-342)
1. Fourteen Points (338) President Wilson’s war objectives that he presented to Congress—based on the
principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and
safety with one another, whether they were weak or strong (see list on page. 339 of textbook)—the 14th
point called for a League of Nations
2. self-determination (339) according to President Wilson, the right of an ethnic group to determine what
form of government it should have, without reference to the wished of any other nation.
3. reparations (340) payments made by a defeated country to compensate for war damages (the Allies
wanted Germany to pay huge war reparations to them)
4. Versailles Peace Treaty (339, 340, 341)—treaty that officially drew up the peace conditions that ended
World War I
5. League of Nations (340) a general association of nations to protect “mutual guarantees of political
independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike”—the 14th Point.—the U.S. Senate
prevented the U.S. from joining the League
6. mandate (341) a territory or colony taken from defeated nations and placed under the control of the
victors—Open Door policies were to apply in all of the mandated territories (it was decided that
Germany’s colonies should not go to the Allies but instead these lands as well as parts of the Ottoman
Empire would be administered as separate mandates by one of the Allies on behalf of the League.
7. Henry Cabot Lodge (342) head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and chief “reservationist”—
did not approve of Article X of the Peace Treaty Covenant guaranteeing the “territorial integrity and
existing political independence” of members of the League-- might commit American troops to war in the
future in defending European nations.
8. In which region of Germany did France gain mining rights? Saar Valley
9. How did President Wilson’s new vision of the postwar world differ from that of the European Allies?
He offered a plan to create a just and lasting peace by banning secret treaties and ensuring the selfdetermination of peoples under a League of Nations that would guarantee independence.
10. Why did the Allies fear the spread of bolshevism? They feared that the Bolsheviks of Russia would
appeal to war-weary Europeans who would be willing to join in a worldwide revolution to end capitalism.
11. How did the peace aims of European leaders differ from Wilson’s Fourteen Points? The European leaders
wanted to punish Germany with massive reparations and territorial gains. Wilson’s main goals were the
self-determination of peoples, free trade, and the creation of a League of Nations.
12. Why was the Versailles Treaty seriously flawed? It was written hurriedly and established the
boundaries between new countries without sufficient attention to their economic stability or the
defensibility of their borders.
13. Why did the U.S. Senate fail to ratify the Versailles Treaty? Henry Cabot Lodge and the reservationists
wanted amendments to ensure that League membership would not automatically commit American
troops to foreign wars. Wilson’s supporters opposed the treaty with the Lodge reservations, and the
Irreconcilables opposed the treaty either way.
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Section 5—Americans Drew Back for World Leadership—ID’s and Questions: (pp. 343-345)
1. Herbert Croly (343) author of The Promise of American Life which influenced Theodore Roosevelt’s
New Nationalism and Wilson’s New Freedom—predicted that life for Americans would be better in the
future.
2. isolationism (345) a term used to describe a nation that avoids both political alliances and economic
relationships with other nations—the U.S. did not completely adopt this policy after the end of WWI—it
did reframe from being integrally involved in foreign affairs—yet it continued to promote both political
and economic expansion
3. What geographic factors might have influenced Switzerland’s policy of permanent neutrality? Its small size,
mountainous terrain, and central position.
4. How did economic growth and political reform encourage American optimism (hopefulness) before World
War I? New technology and economic growth created relative abundance. Political reforms attempted to
regulate business and increase people’s control over decision-making.
5. To what extent did President Wilson succeed in his attempt to rebuild the world on American principles?
American ideals motivated the League of Nations, which operated without U.S. membership. However.
President Wilson’s idealism did not preclude selfishness and greed among the Allies.
6. Why did the women’s vote make little difference in winning U.S. acceptance of a binding commitment to
world peace? Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and the League Covenant were endorsed by a great
majority of the voters. Although many women were active in the peace movement, a larger number of
voters evidently feared foreign involvement.
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